The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 ° C . Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is, Δ G ° = − R T ln K Where, T denotes temperature. K denotes equilibrium constant. R denotes a gas constant. Δ G ° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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TRUE OR FALSE (a) Both ethylene and acetylene are planar molecules. (b) An alkene in which each carbon of the double bond has two different groups bonded to it will show cis-trans isomerism. (c) Cis-trans isomers have the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of their atoms. (d) Cis-2-butene and trans -2-butene can be interconverted by rotation about the carbon–carbon double bond. (e) Cis-trans isomerism is possible only among appropriately substituted alkenes. (f) Both 2-hexene and 3-hexene can exist as pairs of cis-trans isomers. (g) Cyclohexene can exist as a pair of cis-trans isomers. (h) 1-Chloropropene can exist as a pair of cis-trans isomers.

From studies of the dipole moment of 1,2-dichloroethane in the gas phase at room temperature (25°C), it is estimated that the ratio of molecules in the anti conformation to gauche conformation is 7.6 to 1. Calculate the difference in Gibbs free energy between these two conformations.

The melting points and boiling points of two isomeric alkanes are as follows: CH3(CH2)6CH3, mp = -57 °C and bp = 126 °C; (CH3)3CC(CH3)3, mp = 102 °C and bp = 106 °C. (a) Explain why one isomer has a lower melting point but higher boiling point. (b) Explain why there is a small difference in the boiling points of the two compounds, but a huge difference in their melting points.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.1E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.2E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.3E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.5TIY Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.6E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.7E Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2.8E Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.9E Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.10E Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.11E

Solution Summary: The author explains the value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations.

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