Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified. Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene . Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 . Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via S N 2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E 2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E 2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

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According to Hammond's postulate, which of the following is correct? The structure of the transition state of an endothermic reaction will be more similar to the structure of the reagents than to that of the products. The structure of the intermediary in an endothermic reaction will be more similar to the structure of the reagents than to that of the products. The transition state structure of an exothermic reaction will be more similar to reagents than to products. All transition states are more similar to products than reagents All transition states are more similar to reagents than products.

what structure show the transition state for the rate determining step in the sn1 reaction with this picture?

Tell whether the following reactions will occur via SN1, SN2, E1, or E2.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.9, Problem 7.22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the below reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2:E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Out of the substrates for the reactions the one pair that will give a higher E2: E1 product ratio should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonated to yield small amount of alkene. Stronger the base more is the probability of elimination over substitution over elimination. Further, if still higher concentration is employed reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Analogous to the case that strong nucleophiles are more favored to react via SN2 pathway, greater concentration of strong bases are more favored for single-step elimination E2 pathway. Such strong bases include hydroxide ion or alkoxide ions. The reason of predominance of E2 elimination is that strong bases have high probabilities and high rates to abstract hydrogen from carbon adjacent to carbocation.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 7.1E Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 7.2E Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.3E Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.5TIY Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7.7TIY Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 7.9TIY Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 7.10E Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.11E Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.12E Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.13E

Solution Summary: The author explains that carbocation formation is relatively slower than acid-base reactions. Strong nucleophiles, alkoxide ions, amide ion, and tertiary amines are highly

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