The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn. Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene . If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

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The following reaction, which is discussed in Chapter 21, consists of the three elementary steps shown. For each step (i-iii), (a) identify all electron-rich sites and all electron-poor sites, (b) draw in the appropriate curved arrows to show the bond formation and bond breaking that occur, and (c) name the elementary step. (i) Br Br Br P HO. Br + BrO Br (ii) Br Br Br Br + BrO Br (ii) Br Br НО. Br Br Br Br

(a) Select all of the correct statements about reaction rates from the choices below. The lower the rate of a reaction the longer it takes to reach completion. The fastest step in a reaction is called the rate-determining step. As a reaction progresses its rate goes up. The rate of a reaction is independent of temperature. As a reaction progresses its rate goes down. Reactions involving very unstable combinations of chemicals have small rate constants. Reaction rates decrease with increasing temperature.

(a) Select all of the correct statements about reaction rates from the choices below. The lower the rate of a reaction the longer it takes to reach completion. The fastest step in a reaction is called the rate-determining step. As a reaction progresses its rate goes up. The rate of a reaction is independent of temperature. As a reaction progresses its rate goes down. Reactions involving very unstable combinations of chemicals have small rate constants. O Reaction rates decrease with increasing temperature. x

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 42P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The two main products of the indicated reaction should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism I should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism II should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The approximate molar concentration of sodium methoxide that would cause the two mechanisms to proceed at same rate mechanism should be identified.

Concept introduction: Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates; they can be either trapped by nucleophiles to give substitution product or may deprotonate to yield a small amount of alkene.

If the leaving group present eliminates along with a proton in absence of any strong nucleophile the double bond formation might occur. Such reactions are known as two-step unimolecuar elimination, abbreviated as E2 .If the still higher concentration is employed, reaction proceeds via bimolecular elimination. On the other hand, the weak base waits until the carbocation is formed and the type of elimination with a relatively weak base is two-step elimination or E1 .

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 7.1E Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 7.2E Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.3E Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7.5TIY Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 7.7TIY Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 7.9TIY Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 7.10E Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.11E Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.12E Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7.13E

Solution Summary: The author explains the two main products of the indicated reaction. Carbocations generated from alkyl halides have two fates.

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