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Repolarization of an axon during an action potential is produced by
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Human Physiology
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding the absolute and relative refractory periods of the action potential (AP)? A. The absolute refractory period may be overcome if enough excitatory stimulation is applied to the neuronal membrane. B. The absolute refractory period is due the closing of the activation gate of voltage gated sodium channels at the peak of the AP. C. The relative refractory period is due to the closing of the activation gate of voltage gated potassium channels during the overshoot phase of the AP. D. The relative refractory period is due the closing of the inactivation gate of voltage gated sodium channels . E. All of the above statements are FALSE.arrow_forwardWhich of the following events correctly ranks steps in an action potential? 1. Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels transition from closed to open states allowing sodium ions to enter and potassium ions to exit. 2. Voltage-gated sodium channels transition from open to inactivated states. 3. Ligand-gated sodium channels are triggered to open. 4. Peak potassium permeability. 5. Peak sodium permeability. 6. Membranes hyperpolarize due to more potassium ions exiting cell and neuron enters refractory period. 7. Critical threshold is achieved. O 3, 1, 7, 5, 2, 4, 6 O 3, 7, 1, 5, 4, 6, 2 O 3, 4, 1, 2, 6, 7,5 O 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1 O 7, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6, 2 4, 6, 3, 7, 5, 2, 1arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the conduction of action potentials? a. Thicker axons are faster because there is more surface area on thicker axons. b. Myelin speeds conduction because the glial cells add voltage gated Na+ channels to the neuron. c. Diffusion of Na+ ions between the Nodes of Ranvier happens faster than the wave of opening and closing membrane proteins can travel. d. Neurons that don’t have myelin sheaths undergo saltatory conduction e. Action potentials move slowly.arrow_forward
- Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. a. The resting membrane potential refers to the voltage difference across the membranes of excitable cells at rest. b. The concentration of Na+ is highest in the cytosol, and the concentration of K+ is highest in the extracellular fluid. c. The Na+>K+ pumps and gated channels maintain the Na+ and K+ gradients necessary for action potentials to occur. d. A depolarization is a change in membrane potential that makes the potential less negative. e. A local potential is a change in membrane potential that conducts the long-distance signals of the nervous systemarrow_forwardThe figure below may help in answering some of the questions. 1. What ions are flowing (and in which direction) both during the rising phase and the falling phase of the action potential? 2. What are the values of both the 'y' (vertical) axis and the 'x' (horizontal) axis. 3. If extracellular levels of K+ rose (a condition called hyperkalemia), how would that affect the resting membrane potential? 3arrow_forwardAction potentials are normally initiated at the axon hillock because a. there is a particularly high density of voltage-gated sodium channels there. b. threshold potential is lower there than at other sites along the plasma membrane. c. activation of sodium channels at the axon hillock results in a particularly strong inward current and consequent depolarization. d. all of these. e. none of these.arrow_forward
- The resting membrane potential results fromA. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only.B. differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ onlyC. activity of the sodium/potassium pump only.D. uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane, differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+, and sodium/potassium pump activityarrow_forwardWhat membrane protein of the neuron is responsible for briefly increasing the Na+ permeability of the membrane during the rising phase of the nerve impulse? a. the sodium-potassium pump b. the voltage gated potassium channel c. the voltage gated sodium channel d. the stimulus gated sodium channel e. the ligand gated ion channelarrow_forwardIn the figure to the left, name the 4 phases of the action potential (Note: you have to write in where phase 4 occurs). Describe what happens in each phase with a focus on Na+ and K+ flow through channels and the membrane potential. Discuss the importance of threshold. How does this relate to the concept of APs being all or none?arrow_forward
- Draw details of the repolarization phase of an action potential from the following descriptions of the sequences of AfterHyperPolarization (AHP) and AfterDePolarization (ADP) sequences. Make the distinct phases clear and noticeable (5 % each) A complex AHP consisting of a first component AHP, an ADP, and a second component AHP before repolarization to resting membrane potential a first fast AHP component, followed by a slower AHP, followed by a fast ADP, and a second late AHP component before repolarization to restarrow_forwardWhat is the difference between inactivate and closed Na+ channels?Explain how a salty flavor is transduced into an action potential. Describe each step in an action potentialarrow_forwardUsing cable theory to describe axon conduction would tell us a. the larger the diameter of the axon the faster the propagation of the action potential b. the larger the diameter of the axon the slower the propagation of the action potential c. the smaller the diameter of the axon the faster the propagation of the action potential d. that having big axons is of no benefit and only takes up a lot of space e. the nervous system mainly has small axons because they are much faster than large onesarrow_forward
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