Potential-energy/reaction-coordinate diagrams for the two propagation steps of the radical bromination of benzene should be sketched. Concept introduction: Analogous to hydrocarbons the benzene can also undergo initiation to generate bromine radicals; propagation of radicals formed and finally termination. This sequence can be outlined as follows: Step1: Initiation via homolytic cleavage of Br − Br bond: Br 2 initiates the reaction; undergoes homolysis and forms bromine radical atom. Energy for homolytic cleavage is provided by the heat or ultraviolet light. Step2: Propagation: In first of the propagation steps, bromine radical from step 1 abstracts hydrogen radical from C 6 H 6 as follows: In subsequent propagation step,phenyl radical abstracts Br · radical from another Br 2 , and liberates bromobenzene and new bromine radical. Step3: Termination: Bromine radicals generated in propagation steps get quenched upon combination with one another illustrated as follows:

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Answer 1

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 25P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Potential-energy/reaction-coordinate diagrams for the two propagation steps of the radical bromination of benzene should be sketched.

Concept introduction: Analogous to hydrocarbons the benzene can also undergo initiation to generate bromine radicals; propagation of radicals formed and finally termination. This sequence can be outlined as follows:

Step1: Initiation via homolytic cleavage of Br−Br bond: Br2 initiates the reaction; undergoes homolysis and forms bromine radical atom. Energy for homolytic cleavage is provided by the heat or ultraviolet light.

Step2: Propagation: In first of the propagation steps, bromine radical from step 1 abstracts hydrogen radical from C6H6 as follows:

In subsequent propagation step,phenyl radical abstracts Br· radical from another Br2 , and liberates bromobenzene and new bromine radical.

Step3: Termination: Bromine radicals generated in propagation steps get quenched upon combination with one another illustrated as follows:

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Answer 2

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 25P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Potential-energy/reaction-coordinate diagrams for the two propagation steps of the radical bromination of benzene should be sketched.

Concept introduction: Analogous to hydrocarbons the benzene can also undergo initiation to generate bromine radicals; propagation of radicals formed and finally termination. This sequence can be outlined as follows:

Step1: Initiation via homolytic cleavage of Br−Br bond: Br2 initiates the reaction; undergoes homolysis and forms bromine radical atom. Energy for homolytic cleavage is provided by the heat or ultraviolet light.

Step2: Propagation: In first of the propagation steps, bromine radical from step 1 abstracts hydrogen radical from C6H6 as follows:

In subsequent propagation step,phenyl radical abstracts Br· radical from another Br2 , and liberates bromobenzene and new bromine radical.

Step3: Termination: Bromine radicals generated in propagation steps get quenched upon combination with one another illustrated as follows:

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 25P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Potential-energy/reaction-coordinate diagrams for the two propagation steps of the radical bromination of benzene should be sketched.

Concept introduction: Analogous to hydrocarbons the benzene can also undergo initiation to generate bromine radicals; propagation of radicals formed and finally termination. This sequence can be outlined as follows:

Step1: Initiation via homolytic cleavage of Br−Br bond: Br2 initiates the reaction; undergoes homolysis and forms bromine radical atom. Energy for homolytic cleavage is provided by the heat or ultraviolet light.

Step2: Propagation: In first of the propagation steps, bromine radical from step 1 abstracts hydrogen radical from C6H6 as follows:

In subsequent propagation step,phenyl radical abstracts Br· radical from another Br2 , and liberates bromobenzene and new bromine radical.

Step3: Termination: Bromine radicals generated in propagation steps get quenched upon combination with one another illustrated as follows:

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 25P

Interpretation Introduction