Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description. Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical. The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below: The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Question

The pentadienyl radical, H2C“CH¬CH“CH¬CH2#, has its unpaired electron delocalized over three carbon atoms.(a) Use resonance forms to show which three carbon atoms bear the unpaired electron.(

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

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The pentadienyl radical, H2C“CH¬CH“CH¬CH2#, has its unpaired electron delocalized over three carbon atoms.(a) Use resonance forms to show which three carbon atoms bear the unpaired electron.(

The pentadienyl radical, H2C“CH¬CH“CH¬CH2#, has its unpaired electron delocalized over three carbon atoms.(a) Use resonance forms to show which three carbon atoms bear the unpaired electron.(b) How many MOs are there in the molecular orbital picture of the pentadienyl radical?(c) How many nodes are there in the lowest-energy MO of the pentadienyl system? How many in the highest-energy MO?(d) Draw the MOs of the pentadienyl system in order of increasing energy

The pentadienyl radical, H2C“CH¬CH“CH¬CH2#, has its unpaired electron delocalized over three carbon atoms.(a) Use resonance forms to show which three carbon atoms bear the unpaired electron.(b) How many MOs are there in the molecular orbital picture of the pentadienyl radical?(c) How many nodes are there in the lowest-energy MO of the pentadienyl system? How many in the highest-energy MO?(d) Draw the MOs of the pentadienyl system in order of increasing energy. (continued)762 CHAPTER 15 Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy(e) Show how many electrons are in each MO for the pentadienyl radical (ground state).(f) Show how your molecular orbital picture agrees with the resonance picture showing delocalization of the unpairedelectron onto three carbon atoms.(g) Remove the highest-energy electron from the pentadienyl radical to give the pentadienyl cation. Which carbon atomsshare the positive charge? Does this picture agree with the resonance picture?(h) Add an…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two H are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one H is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no H is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of σ electrons into the partly vacant p orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of σ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3.2TIY Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3.3E Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3.5TIY Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3.6E Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.7E Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.9TIY Ch. 3.9 - Prob. 3.11TIY Ch. 3.11 - Prob. 3.12E Ch. 3 - Prob. 15P Ch. 3 - Prob. 16P

Solution Summary: The author explains the nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical by orbital description.

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