Concept explainers
Interpretation: Each carbocation in below figure should be labelled as
Concept introduction: Organic compounds are covalent in nature that undergoes a reaction by heterolytic cleavage or homolytic cleavage.
In heterolytic cleavage, shared pair of electrons is taken away by one of the atoms which result in charged species. In homolytic cleavage, shared pair of electrons are equally distributed between two atom that results in free radicals.
Carbocation is a general term employed for a postively charged carbon irrespective of valency of carbon. In carbocation, carbon is bonded to 3 atoms or groups and has only sextet of electrons so it behaves as an electron-deficient species. It is
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
- Draw both resonance structures of the most stable carbocation intermediate in the reaction shown. + HCI • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Do not include anionic counter-ions, e.g., I, in your answer. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner. • Separate resonance structures using the → symbol from the drop-down menu. H₂ H₁₂ C C HECH H₂ C H2Cl H ? ▾ n CH₂ H₁₂ C HE HC CH H₂ H2 ChemDoodle H₁₂ CH2 HC C Cl H ? ChemDoodle F n [Farrow_forwardShow how the reactants and products of reactions 1 and 2 do equal the reactants and products of reaction 3.arrow_forwardConsider this nucleophilic substitution reaction. 1. Highlight the electrophilic carbon in red, and highlight the leaving group in blue. Highlight the atom in the nucleophile that will attack the electrophilic center in green. Only atoms need to be highlighted and not the lone pairs or formal charges. 2. Draw the product(s) of the reaction. Include all lone pairs.arrow_forward
- 1. Draw one of the two enantiomers of the major product from this 2. Draw a terminal alkene that would lead to this major product 3. Draw the starting structure that would lead to this major product (and its enantiomer) under these conditions. reaction. Use wedge and dash bonds to indicate under these conditions. stereochemistry where appropriate. Ignore inorganic byproducts. Br2 Br2 Br Br2 Br Br Brarrow_forwardPredict the major substitution products of the following reaction. CH3 H3C₂ H... CH3OH Use the wedge/hash bond tools to indicate stereochemistry where it exists. If there is more than one major product possible, draw all of them. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner. • Separate multiple products using the sign from the drop-down menu.arrow_forwardDraw the structures of the two carbocation intermediates that might form during the reaction of the alkene (below) with HC1. • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner. • If the two carbocations differ in stability, select the reaction arrow from the dropdown menu, and draw the less stable carbocation in the left-hand sketcher. If two carbocations are energetically equivalent, separate the two structures with a + sign from the dropdown menu. • Do not include counter-ions, e.g., Na+, I, in your answer. AVI ? t n [ ]# Previous Nextarrow_forward
- Show how you might synthesize this compound from an alkyl bromide and a nucleophile in an S№2 reaction. N3 • Use the wedge/hash bond tools to indicate stereochemistry where it exists. • Only draw the reactants. Separate multiple reactants using the + sign from the drop-down menu. • If there is more than one possible combination of alkyl bromide and nucleophile, draw only one combination. • Do not include counter-ions, e.g., Na+, I, in your answer. 90-85 TAYY ? ChemDoodle O OO. #[ ] درarrow_forwardDraw an arrow on the carbocation in the box on the left to show how it rearranges to the carbocation in the box on the right.arrow_forwardUse the dropdown menu to indicate whether the rate of the reaction shown below will increase, decrease, or remain the same when the reaction conditions are changed to X or to Y or to Z (see below). NaN3 'N3 Br CH3CN X: Change the leaving group from Br to CI Y: Increase the concentration of haloalkane Z: Increase the concentration of NaN3 X: choose your answer.. ^ Y: choose your answer... V Z: choose your answer... choose your answer... Remain the same Nex Decrease Increasearrow_forward
- Draw the most stable resonance form for the intermediate in the following electrophilic substitution reaction. CH3 CH3 CH3COCI/ AICI3 H₂C. You do not have to consider stereochemistry. Include all valence lone pairs in your answer. • In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one.arrow_forwardThe addition of an alcohol to an acid chloride is an example of alcoholysis (alcohol addition with bond breakage). Consider the alcoholysis reaction below and answer the questions that follow. 1. Show the tetrahedral intermediate that is formed after the nucleophilic addition of the alcohol to the acid chloride. Be sure to include all lone pair electrons and formal charges on your intermediate structure. 2. Show the final product of this alcoholysis reaction that forms after the intermediate you made in Part 1. Do not include inorganic or charged products in your answer. Be sure to include all lone pair electrons and formal charges.arrow_forwardited Draw both resonance structures of the most stable carbocation intermediate in the reaction shown. od m... • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. . Do not include anionic counter-ions, e.g., I', in your answer. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom Separate resonance structures using the → symbol from the drop-down menu. ● CH4 + ? HBrarrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning