Solutions for Principles of Biology
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Chapter 1 - An Introduction To BiologyChapter 1.1 - Principles Of Biology And The Levels Of Biological OrganizationChapter 1.2 - Unity And Diversity Of LifeChapter 1.3 - Biology As A Scientific DisciplineChapter 2 - The Chemical Basis Of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, And WaterChapter 2.1 - AtomsChapter 2.2 - Chemical Bonds And MoleculesChapter 2.3 - Chemical ReactionsChapter 2.4 - Properties Of WaterChapter 2.5 - Ph And Buffers
Chapter 3 - The Chemical Basis Of Life Ii: Organic MoleculesChapter 3.1 - The Carbon Atom And Carbon-containing MoleculesChapter 3.2 - Synthesis And Breakdown Of Organic MoleculesChapter 3.3 - Overview Of The Four Major Classes Of Organic Molecules Found In Living CellsChapter 3.4 - CarbohydratesChapter 3.5 - LipidsChapter 3.6 - ProteinsChapter 3.7 - Nucleic AcidsChapter 4 - Evolutionary Origin Of Cells And Their General FeaturesChapter 4.1 - Origin Of Living Cells On EarthChapter 4.2 - MicroscopyChapter 4.3 - Overview Of Cell Structure And FunctionChapter 4.4 - The CytosolChapter 4.5 - The Nucleus And Endomembrane SystemChapter 4.6 - Semiautonomous OrganellesChapter 4.7 - Protein Sorting To OrganellesChapter 4.8 - Extracellular Matrix And Plant Cell WallsChapter 4.9 - Systems Biology Of Cells: A SummaryChapter 5 - Membranes: The Interface Between Cells And Their EnvironmentChapter 5.1 - Membrane StructureChapter 5.2 - Fluidity Of MembranesChapter 5.3 - Overview Of Membrane TransportChapter 5.4 - Transport ProteinsChapter 5.5 - Intercellular ChannelsChapter 5.6 - Exocytosis And EndocytosisChapter 5.7 - Cell JunctionsChapter 6 - How Cells Utilize EnergyChapter 6.1 - Energy And Chemical ReactionsChapter 6.2 - EnzymesChapter 6.3 - Overview Of Metabolism And Cellular RespirationChapter 6.4 - GlycolysisChapter 6.5 - Breakdown Of PyruvateChapter 6.6 - Citric Acid CycleChapter 6.7 - Oxidative PhosphorylationChapter 6.8 - Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, And Fat MetabolismChapter 7 - How Cells Capture Light Energy Via PhotosynthesisChapter 7.1 - Overview Of PhotosynthesisChapter 7.2 - Reactions That Harness Light EnergyChapter 7.3 - Molecular Features Of PhotosystemsChapter 7.4 - Synthesizing Carbohydrates Via The Calvin CycleChapter 7.5 - Variations In PhotosynthesisChapter 8 - How Cells Communicate With Each Other And With The EnvironmentChapter 8.1 - General Features Of Cell CommunicationChapter 8.2 - Receptor ActivationChapter 8.3 - Cell Surface ReceptorsChapter 8.4 - Intracellular ReceptorsChapter 8.5 - Signal Transduction And Cellular Response Via An Enzyme-linked ReceptorChapter 8.6 - Signal Transduction And Cellular Response Via A G-protein-coupled ReceptorChapter 9 - The Information Of Life: Dna And Rna Structure, Dna Replication, And ChromosChapter 9.1 - Properties And Identification Of The Genetic MaterialChapter 9.2 - Nucleic Acid StructureChapter 9.3 - Discovery Of The Double-helix Structure Of DnaChapter 9.4 - Overview Of Dna ReplicationChapter 9.5 - Molecular Mechanism Of Dna ReplicationChapter 9.6 - Molecular Structure Of Eukaryotic ChromosomesChapter 10 - The Expression Of Genetic Information Via Genes I: Transcription And TranslationChapter 10.1 - Overview Of Gene ExpressionChapter 10.2 - TranscriptionChapter 10.3 - Rna Modifications In EukaryotesChapter 10.4 - Translation And The Genetic CodeChapter 10.5 - The Machinery Of TranslationChapter 10.6 - The Stages Of TranslationChapter 11 - The Expression Of Genetic Information Via Genes Ii: Non-coding RnasChapter 11.1 - Overview Of Non-coding RnasChapter 11.2 - Role Of Non-coding Rnas In Eukaryotic Dna ReplicationChapter 11.3 - Effects Of Non-coding Rnas On Chromatin Structure And TranscriptionChapter 11.4 - Effects Of Non-coding Rnas On Translation, Mrna Degradation, And Rna ModificationChapter 11.5 - Non-coding Rnas And Protein TargetingChapter 11.6 - Non-coding Rnas And Genome DefenseChapter 11.7 - Role Of Non-coding Rnas In Human Disease And Plant HealthChapter 12 - The Control Of Genetic Information Via Gene RegulationChapter 12.1 - Overview Of Gene RegulationChapter 12.2 - Regulation Of Transcription In BacteriaChapter 12.3 - Regulation Of Transcription In Eukaryotes: Roles Of Transcription FactorsChapter 12.4 - Regulation Of Transcription In Eukaryotes: Changes In Chromatin Structure And Dna MethylationChapter 12.5 - Regulation Of Rna Splicing And Translation In EukaryotesChapter 13 - Altering The Genetic Material: Mutation, Dna Repair, And CancerChapter 13.1 - Consequences Of MutationsChapter 13.2 - Causes Of MutationsChapter 13.3 - Dna RepairChapter 13.4 - CancerChapter 14 - How Eukaryotic Cells Sort And Transmit Chromosomes: Mitosis And MeiosisChapter 14.1 - The Eukaryotic Cell CycleChapter 14.2 - Mitotic Cell DivisionChapter 14.3 - Meiosis And Sexual ReproductionChapter 14.4 - Variation In Chromosome Structure And NumberChapter 15 - Transmission Of Genetic Information From Parents To Offspring I: Patterns ThatChapter 15.1 - Mendel’s Laws Of InheritanceChapter 15.2 - Chromosome Theory Of InheritanceChapter 15.3 - Pedigree Analysis Of Human TraitsChapter 15.4 - Variations In Inheritance Patterns And Their Molecular BasisChapter 15.5 - Sex Chromosomes And X-linked Inheritance PatternsChapter 16 - Transmission Of Genetic Information From Parents To Offspring Ii: EpigeneticsChapter 16.1 - Overview Of EpigeneticsChapter 16.2 - Epigenetics: Genomic ImprintingChapter 16.3 - Epigenetics: X-chromosome InactivationChapter 16.4 - Epigenetics: Effects Of Environmental AgentsChapter 16.5 - Extranuclear Inheritance: Organelle GenomesChapter 16.6 - Linkage Of Genes On The Same ChromosomeChapter 17 - The Simpler Genetic Systems Of Viruses And BacteriaChapter 17.1 - Genetic Properties Of VirusesChapter 17.2 - Genetic Properties Of BacteriaChapter 17.3 - Gene Transfer Between BacteriaChapter 18 - Genetic Technologies: How Biologists Study Genes And GenomesChapter 18.1 - Gene CloningChapter 18.2 - Genomics: Techniques For Studying And Altering GenomesChapter 18.3 - Bacterial And Archaeal GenomesChapter 18.4 - Eukaryotic GenomesChapter 18.5 - Repetitive Sequences And Transposable ElementsChapter 19 - Evolution Of Life I: How Populations Change From Generation To GenerationChapter 19.1 - Overview Of EvolutionChapter 19.2 - Evidence Of Evolutionary ChangeChapter 19.3 - Genes In PopulationsChapter 19.4 - Natural SelectionChapter 19.5 - Genetic DriftChapter 19.6 - Migration And Nonrandom MatingChapter 20 - Evolution Of Life Ii: The Emergence Of New SpeciesChapter 20.1 - Identification Of SpeciesChapter 20.2 - Reproductive IsolationChapter 20.3 - Mechanisms Of SpeciationChapter 20.4 - Evo-devo: Evolutionary Developmental BiologyChapter 21 - How Biologists Classify Species And Study Their Evolutionary RelationshipsChapter 21.1 - TaxonomyChapter 21.2 - Phylogenetic TreesChapter 21.3 - CladisticsChapter 21.4 - Molecular ClocksChapter 21.5 - Horizontal Gene TransferChapter 22 - The History Of Life On Earth And Human EvolutionChapter 22.1 - The Fossil RecordChapter 22.2 - History Of Life On EarthChapter 22.3 - Human EvolutionChapter 23 - Diversity Of Microbial Life: Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, And FungiChapter 23.1 - Introduction To MicroorganismsChapter 23.2 - Diversity And Ecological Importance Of ArchaeaChapter 23.3 - Diversity And Ecological Importance Of BacteriaChapter 23.4 - Diversity In Bacterial Cell Structure And MetabolismChapter 23.5 - Diversity And Ecological Importance Of ProtistsChapter 23.6 - Diversity And Ecological Importance Of FungiChapter 23.7 - Technological Applications Of MicroorganismsChapter 24 - microbiomes: Microbial Systems On And Around UsChapter 24.1 - Microbiomes: Diversity Of Microbes And FunctionsChapter 24.2 - Microbiomes Of Physical SystemsChapter 24.3 - Host-associated MicrobiomesChapter 24.4 - Engineering Animal And Plant MicrobiomesChapter 25 - Plant Evolution: How Plant Diversification Changed Planet EarthChapter 25.1 - Ancestry And Diversity Of Land PlantsChapter 25.2 - An Evolutionary History Of Land PlantsChapter 25.3 - Diversity Of Modern GymnospermsChapter 25.4 - Diversity Of Modern AngiospermsChapter 25.5 - Human Influences On Angiosperm DiversificationChapter 26 - Invertebrates: The Vast Array Of Animal Life Without A BackboneChapter 26.1 - Characteristics Of AnimalsChapter 26.2 - Animal ClassificationChapter 26.3 - Ctenophores: The Earliest AnimalsChapter 26.4 - Porifera: The SpongesChapter 26.5 - Cnidaria: Jellyfish And Other Radially Symmetric AnimalsChapter 26.6 - Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, And AnnelidsChapter 26.7 - Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes And ArthropodsChapter 26.8 - Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms And ChordatesChapter 27 - Vertebrates: Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, And MammalsChapter 27.1 - Vertebrates: Chordates With A BackboneChapter 27.2 - Gnathostomes: Jawed VertebratesChapter 27.3 - Tetrapods: Gnathostomes With Four LimbsChapter 27.4 - Amniotes: Tetrapods With A Desiccation-resistant EggChapter 27.5 - Mammals: Milk-producing AmniotesChapter 28 - An Introduction To Flowering Plant Form And FunctionChapter 28.1 - From Seed To Seed: The Life Of A Flowering PlantChapter 28.2 - Plant Growth And DevelopmentChapter 28.3 - The Shoot System: Stem And Leaf AdaptationsChapter 28.4 - Root System AdaptationsChapter 29 - How Flowering Plants Sense And Interact With Their EnvironmentsChapter 29.1 - Overview Of Plant Behavioral ResponsesChapter 29.2 - Plant HormonesChapter 29.3 - Plant Responses To LightChapter 29.4 - Plant Responses To Gravity And TouchChapter 29.5 - Plant Responses To AttackChapter 30 - How Flowering Plants Obtain And Transport NutrientsChapter 30.1 - Plant Nutritional RequirementsChapter 30.2 - The Roles Of Soil In Plant NutritionChapter 30.3 - Transport At The Cellular LevelChapter 30.4 - Plant Transport At The Tissue LevelChapter 30.5 - Long-distance Transport In PlantsChapter 31 - How Flowering Plants Reproduce And DevelopChapter 31.1 - An Overview Of Flowering Plant ReproductionChapter 31.2 - Flower Production, Structure, And DevelopmentChapter 31.3 - Male And Female Gametophytes And Double FertilizationChapter 31.4 - Embryo, Seed, Fruit, And Seedling DevelopmentChapter 31.5 - Asexual Reproduction In Flowering PlantsChapter 32 - General Features Of Animal Bodies, And Homeostasis As A Key Principle Of AnimalsChapter 32.1 - Organization Of Animal BodiesChapter 32.2 - The Relationship Between Form And FunctionChapter 32.3 - HomeostasisChapter 32.4 - Homeostatic Regulation Of Body TemperatureChapter 32.5 - Principles Of Homeostasis Of Internal FluidsChapter 33 - Neuroscience I: The Structure, Function, And Evolution Of Nervous SystemsChapter 33.1 - Cellular Components Of Nervous SystemsChapter 33.2 - Electrical Properties Of Neurons And The Resting Membrane PotentialChapter 33.3 - Generation And Transmission Of Electrical Signals Along NeuronsChapter 33.4 - Communication At SynapsesChapter 33.5 - The Evolution And Development Of Nervous SystemsChapter 33.6 - Structure And Function Of The Nervous Systems Of Humans And Other VertebratesChapter 33.7 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 34 - Neuroscience Ii: How Sensory Systems Allow Animals To Interact With The EnvirChapter 34.1 - Introduction To SensationChapter 34.2 - MechanoreceptionChapter 34.3 - Thermoreception And NociceptionChapter 34.4 - PhotoreceptionChapter 34.5 - ChemoreceptionChapter 34.6 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 35 - How Muscles And Skeletons Are Adaptations For Movement, Support, And ProtChapter 35.1 - Types Of Animal SkeletonsChapter 35.2 - Skeletal Muscle Structure And The Mechanism Of Force GenerationChapter 35.3 - Types Of Skeletal Muscle Fibers And Their FunctionsChapter 35.4 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 36 - Circulatory And Respiratory Systems: Transporting Solutes And Exchanging GaChapter 36.1 - Types Of Circulatory SystemsChapter 36.2 - The Composition Of BloodChapter 36.3 - The Vertebrate Heart And Its FunctionChapter 36.4 - Blood VesselsChapter 36.5 - Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, And ResistanceChapter 36.6 - Physical Properties Of GasesChapter 36.7 - Types Of Respiratory SystemsChapter 36.8 - Structure And Function Of The Mammalian Respiratory SystemChapter 36.9 - Mechanisms Of Gas Transport In BloodChapter 36.10 - Control Of VentilationChapter 36.11 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 37 - Digestive And Excretory Systems Help Maintain Nutrient, Water, And Energy BaChapter 37.1 - Overview Of Animal NutritionChapter 37.2 - General Principles Of Digestion And Absorption Of NutrientsChapter 37.3 - Vertebrate Digestive SystemsChapter 37.4 - Nutrient Use And StorageChapter 37.5 - Regulation Of The Absorptive And Postabsorptive StatesChapter 37.6 - Excretory Systems In Different Animal GroupsChapter 37.7 - Structure And Function Of The Mammalian KidneysChapter 37.8 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 38 - How Endocrine Systems Influence The Activities Of All Other Organ SystemsChapter 38.1 - Types Of Hormones And Their Mechanisms Of ActionChapter 38.2 - Links Between The Endocrine And Nervous SystemsChapter 38.3 - Hormonal Control Of Metabolism And Energy BalanceChapter 38.4 - Hormonal Control Of Mineral BalanceChapter 38.5 - Hormonal Control Of Growth And DevelopmentChapter 38.6 - Hormonal Control Of ReproductionChapter 38.7 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 39 - The Production Of Offspring: Reproduction And DevelopmentChapter 39.1 - Overview Of Sexual And Asexual ReproductionChapter 39.2 - Gametogenesis And FertilizationChapter 39.3 - Human Reproductive Structure And FunctionChapter 39.4 - Pregnancy And Birth In MammalsChapter 39.5 - General Events Of Embryonic DevelopmentChapter 39.6 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 40 - Immune Systems: How Animals Defend Against Pathogens And Other DangersChapter 40.1 - Types Of PathogensChapter 40.2 - Innate ImmunityChapter 40.3 - Acquired ImmunityChapter 40.4 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 41 - Integrated Responses Of Animal Organ Systems To A Challenge To HomeostasisChapter 41.1 - Effects Of Hemorrhage On Blood Pressure And Organ FunctionChapter 41.2 - The Rapid Phase Of The Homeostatic Response To HemorrhageChapter 41.3 - The Secondary Phase Of The Homeostatic Response To HemorrhageChapter 41.4 - Impact On Public HealthChapter 42 - Behavioral Ecology: The Struggle To Find Food And Mates And To Pass On GenesChapter 42.1 - The Influence Of Genetics And Learning On BehaviorChapter 42.2 - CommunicationChapter 42.3 - Living In Groups And Optimality TheoryChapter 42.4 - AltruismChapter 42.5 - Mating BehaviorChapter 43 - Population Growth And Species InteractionsChapter 43.1 - Measuring Population Size And DensityChapter 43.2 - DemographyChapter 43.3 - How Populations GrowChapter 43.4 - Species InteractionsChapter 44 - Communities And Ecosystems: Ecological Organization At Large ScalesChapter 44.1 - Patterns Of Species Richness And Species DiversityChapter 44.2 - Species Diversity And Community StabilityChapter 44.3 - Succession: Community ChangeChapter 44.4 - Island BiogeographyChapter 44.5 - Food Webs And Energy FlowChapter 44.6 - Biomass Production In EcosystemsChapter 45 - How Climate Affects The Distribution Of Species On EarthChapter 45.1 - ClimateChapter 45.2 - Major BiomesChapter 46 - The Age Of HumansChapter 46.1 - Human Population GrowthChapter 46.2 - Global Warming And Climate ChangeChapter 46.3 - Pollution And Human Influences On Biogeochemical CyclesChapter 46.4 - Pollution And BiomagnificationChapter 46.5 - Habitat DestructionChapter 46.6 - OverexploitationChapter 46.7 - Invasive SpeciesChapter 47 - Biodiversity And Conservation BiologyChapter 47.1 - Genetic, Species, And Ecosystem DiversityChapter 47.2 - Value Of Biodiversity To Human WelfareChapter 47.3 - Conservation Strategies
Sample Solutions for this Textbook
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Chapter 1, Problem 1TYChapter 2, Problem 1TYChapter 3, Problem 1TYChapter 4, Problem 1TYChapter 5, Problem 1TYChapter 6, Problem 1TYChapter 7, Problem 1TYExplanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) a signal. A signal is a molecule that...Chapter 9, Problem 1TY
Chapter 10, Problem 1TYChapter 11, Problem 1TYChapter 12, Problem 1TYChapter 13, Problem 1TYExplanation for the correct answer: Option (b) S phase. The S phase is the synthetic phase of the...Chapter 15, Problem 1TYChapter 16, Problem 1TYExplanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) capsid. A capsid is a protein covering...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (a) are used to cleave DNA into pieces for...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) evolution. A change in one or more...Chapter 20, Problem 1TYExplanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) Systematics. The term systematics...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) continental drift. As the earth cooled,...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (b) thecyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) a particular assemblage of microbes and...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) is the liverworts and mosses....Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (e) Bilateria, Protostomia, Ecdysozoa.The...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (a) gnathostomes. They are marine fishes....Chapter 28, Problem 1TYExplanation/justification for the correct answer: The option is (c) auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin...Chapter 30, Problem 1TYChapter 31, Problem 1TYExplanation for the correct answer: Option ( c) Nervous tissue. The central nervous system and the...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) the central nervous system. The central...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (b) hearing in mammals. The hair cell...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) Ca2+ and PO42-. The major components of...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (b) is a mixture of fluid in blood vessels...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) digestion. Digestion is the process of...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (b) They are secreted into the blood, where...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) parthenogenesis. The development of...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (e) antibodies. Antibodies are produced...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) by activating the baroreceptor reflex....Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) changes in day length stimulate this...Chapter 43, Problem 1TYExplanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) 1.75 Given table: Age No. alive at...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d) low species richness and high...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (a) is 60° to 30° north. The northeast...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (c) is ecological footprint. Ecological...Explanation/justification for the correct answer: Option (d), a species that is in danger of...
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