Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 8.3, Problem 1CC
Summary Introduction
To discuss:
The purpose of phosphorylation and whether phosphorylation of a protein is an exergonic or endergonic reaction.
Introduction
The reaction in which energy releases in the surrounding in any form indicates that it is an exergonic reaction. The reaction in which energy is utilized is known as endergonic reactions. For example, the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is an example of exergonic reactions.
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Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are important regulatory mechanisms. Protein kinases attach phosphoryl groups to target proteins, while only a phosphatase removes the phosphoryl group. What does this method of covalent control cost in terms of energy?
Why can we say that production of a GTP is equivalent toproduction of an ATP?
Write a mechanism (in detail) for phosphorylation of a serine residue by ATP catalyzed by protein kinase. What groups might you expect to find in the enzyme’s active site?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 8.1 - What is the signaling molecule in this example?Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 8.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 8.1 - A general reason for cell signaling is to respond...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8.1 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 8.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 8.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8.3 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 8.3 - What has to happen for the a and subunits of the...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.3 - After a G-protein-coupled receptor is activated,...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.5 - Look ahead to Figures 13.9 and, in particular,...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 8.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 8.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 8.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 8.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 1TYCh. 8 - Prob. 2TYCh. 8 - Prob. 3TYCh. 8 - Prob. 4TYCh. 8 - Which of the following is not an example of a cell...Ch. 8 - Prob. 6TYCh. 8 - The EGF receptor functions as a receptor tyrosine...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8TYCh. 8 - Prob. 9TYCh. 8 - The benefit of second messengers in signal...Ch. 8 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 8 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 8 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 8 - Discuss and compare several different types of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins is a vital means of regulation. Protein kinases attach phosphoryl groups, whereas only a phosphatase will remove the phosphoryl group from the target protein. What is the energy cost of this means of covalent regulation?arrow_forwardNow that you have successfully phosphorylated tyrosine, your boss wants you to dephosphorylate it. What strategy would be the most successful in your endeavor? choose one: (1) add a phosphatase and some water (2) reduce the pH (3) add more kinase and some ATP (4) add a reducing agentarrow_forwardEnzymes are able to reduce the activation energy barrier in a number of ways. List at least three ways that enzymes help lower the energy activation barrier?arrow_forward
- What is the source of the ATP for the kinase reaction?arrow_forwardWhat do you think would be the effect on oxidative phosphorylation of the following mutations of F1 or F0 ATPase subunits? Be as specific as possible. A. Subunit c Asp61 to Leu B. Subunit c Asp61 to Asn C. Subunit a Asn214 to Asp D. Subunit a Ser206 to Alaarrow_forwardDo you think the hydrolysis GTP and ATP are similar? Explain why or why not?arrow_forward
- Anaerobic glycolysis of glucose potentially produces a fewer number of ATPs per glucose moleculein red blood cells than in muscle cells, because -Red blood cells contain bisphosphoglycerate mutase -Red blood cells lack phosphoglycerate kinase -Red blood cells do not have mitochondria -Red blood cells do not have a nucleus Which of the following is likely to be correct if all mutases are completely inhibited? -Removal of glucosyl residues from nonreducing ends of glycogen in the liver is compromised;therefore, release of free glucose into blood from the liver would decrease -Glycerol can be efficiently converted into glucose but cannot be efficiently converted into glucosylresidues in glycogen in the liver -Both A and B -Neither A nor Barrow_forward"Continual addition and removal of phosphates by protein kinase and protein phosphatases is wasteful of energy-since their combined action consumes ATP-but it is a necessary consequence of effective regulation by phosphorylation" is true or false.arrow_forwardwhy is ATP preferred to other forms like GTP, CTP, TTP?arrow_forward
- draw an arrow pushing mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by COX enzymes What aspirin do to one of the activities and how does the structural change that aspirin induces explain this change in activity? use PYMOL or chimera software to explain your answerarrow_forwardSketch the arrow pushing mechanism for the acid base catalyzed formation of phospho-serine from protein kinase a. You may shorthand the emzyme, the ribose and the adenine ring in ATParrow_forwardIn a metabolic pathway, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate and can bind at the active site but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Is Malonate a competitive or non -competitive inhibitor. What is the difference between the two types of inhibition? Can you overcome inhibition caused by Malonic acid?arrow_forward
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