Concept explainers
Enhancers can occur almost anywhere in DNA and affect the transcription of a gene. Let’s suppose you have a gene cloned on a piece of DNA, and the DNA fragment is
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Genetics: Analysis and Principles
- Suppose we take tissue samples from the kidney and the liver of a healthy individual. If we compare the genetic sequences in these tissues, what do we expect to see? If we compare the transcription products of these cells, what do we expect to see? Justify your answers.arrow_forwardYou are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You take your DNA construct and place it into E. coli. You measure protein expression and notice that no protein is being made. Provide 1 reason why you don't see protein as it relates to transcription and how this problem could be resolved.arrow_forwardExpression of recombinant proteins in yeast is an important tool for biotechnology companies that produce new drugs for human use. In an attempt to get a new gene X expressed in yeast, a researcher has integrated gene X into the yeast genome near a telomere. Will this strategy result in good expression of gene X? Why or why not? please try to explain a bit elaborately.arrow_forward
- From gene expression studies on cancer, you discovered a hypothetical gene called ABCG2 that is overexpressed in human cancer cells. You want to know if this gene is required for cancer cells to survive, but from your efforts at making a traditional gene knock out, you have found that it is required for embryonic development and can't get to the point of doing a cancer experiment. a. How can you redesign the knockout to get past embryonic lethality? b. How would you then use this mouse line to test if ABCG2 is needed for cancer survival?arrow_forwardHow do you think that transcription randomizes positions of nucleosomes and repression restores the ordering after transcription? How might you test to see if there was an exchange of histone subunits during transcription or if the nucleosome is truly transferred as a single unit? Would you expect the DNA band representing the distance from the restriction enzyme site to the hypersensitive site to be a single band or a smear? Defend your answer.arrow_forwardexpression of recombinant proteins in yeast is an important tool for biotechnology companies that produce new drugs for human use.in an attempt to get a new gene X expressed in yeast, a researcher has integrated gene X into the yeast genome near a telomere. will this strategy result in good expression of gene X? why or why not?arrow_forward
- You are a research scientist working in genetic engineering. You create a piece of DNA that you want to express in a mouse cell, which is a eukaryote. This piece of DNA (represented by the schematic in the figure) consists of a eukaryotic promoter, a prokaryotic gene lacking introns and exons and a eukaryotic terminator sequence. Do you think that this piece of DNA would be successfully expressed if placed into a mouse cell containing all the machinery needed for gene expression? Fully motivate your answer. The AAUAAA Eukaryotic Start Coding Stop terminator promoter codon sequence codon sequencearrow_forwardrecombinant human insulin, produced by bacteria carrying a cloned insulin gene, is now the major form of insulin used to treat diabetes. It is know that the human insulin gene encodes an mRNA which is only 333 nucleotides long, but the entire gene spreads more than 4000 nucleotides. There are 3 exons and 2 introns. 1. What technique can you use inorder to get a functional insulin coding sequence cloned into bacteria and how does this technique work? 2. The technique used in 1, you would need to start with cells cells from the pancreas, why are these the only cells that would work ?arrow_forwardCould quantitative PCR, which uses a DNA-binding dye, to show how many copies of the target DNA sequence could be used to quantify the amount of mRNA in a cell? Would you expect that a metabolically active tissue such as the liver would show more cDNA copies in such a method, compared to less metabolically active tissues such as skin cells? One reason that the types and amounts of mRNAs are quantified in different tissue types is to compare which genes are activated and which are inactive. It used to be thought that any gene that was transcribed was automatically translated. The discovery of RNA-degrading systems shows that the real situation in cells is more complemented. Do you believe that a larger amount of mRNA of a given type, say for alpha hemoglobin in immature red blood cells is a reliable indicator that more alpha hemoglobin protein will be made in those cells?arrow_forward
- . Let’s say that you have incredible skill and can isolate the white and red patches of tissue from the Drosophila eyes shown in Figure 12-24 in order to isolate mRNA from each tissue preparation. Using your knowledge of DNA techniques from Chapter 10, design an experiment that would allow you to determine whether RNA is transcribed from the white gene in the red tissue or the whitetissue or both. If you need it, you have access to radioactive white-gene DNAarrow_forwardAll the cells of one organism share the same genome. However, during development, some cells develop into skin cells while others develop into muscle cells. Briefly explain how the same genetic instructions can result in two different cell types in the same organism.arrow_forwardAs the most junior member of a lab, you are tasked with generating cell lines that accumulate DNA damage to investigate how random mutations affect transformation of cells into cancer cells. You decide to mutate proteins in the p53 pathway. Which three proteins would you mutate? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning