Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 9.6, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The fact that dnaK genes arose in archaea.
Introduction:
The 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (HSP70s) are also called dnaK. These are found in almost all living organisms. The main function of HSP70 is protein folding. It also protects the cell from thermal and oxidative stress. It helps in the transfer of transmembrane proteins by stabilizing it in a partially folded state.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
The mechanisms of transcription and translation are virtually identical in species
from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following
hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence? *
The mechanisms of transcription and translation presently found in living organisms
are the only mechanisms that could effectively convert heredity information into
protein structures.
The mechanisms of transcription and translation are universal processes and
therefore suggest a common ancestor for all forms of life.
The similarity in these processes in all organisms suggests that convergent evolution
has occurred.
This evidence does not support a hypothesis because the products of transcription
and translation vary widely.
The mechanisms of transcription and translation are virtually identical in species
from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following
hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence? *
The mechanisms of transcription and translation presently found in living organisms
are the only mechanisms that could effectively convert heredity information into
protein structures.
The mechanisms of transcription and translation are universal processes and
therefore suggest a common ancestor for all forms of life.
The similarity in these processes in all organisms suggests that convergent evolution
has occurred.
This evidence does not support a hypothesis because the products of transcription
and translation vary widely.
One of the prerequisites for chemical evolution on early Earth is that there was
an adequate amount of time. This is an important assumption because there had
to be enough time for which of the following to occur?*
Various strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways.
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells?
A - Bacteria and Eukarya have similar mechanisms for the formation and use of enzymes in metabolic processes.
B - Bacteria and Eukarya use the same enzymes in all of their metabolic processes so the genes are interchangeable.
C - Bacteria and Eukarya share similar reproductive mechanisms so the cells reproduce without recognizing foreign DNA.
D - Bacteria and Eukarya have the same mechanism for replicating DNA so genes can easily be transferred between the two types of cells.
Chapter 9 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1TQCh. 9.1 - Prob. 2TQCh. 9.1 - Prob. 3TQCh. 9.1 - Prob. 4TQCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1TQCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1TQCh. 9.4 - Prob. 1TQCh. 9.4 - Prob. 2TQCh. 9.5 - Prob. 1TQCh. 9.6 - Prob. 1TQ
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1RQCh. 9 - Prob. 2RQCh. 9 - Prob. 3RQCh. 9 - Prob. 4RQCh. 9 - Prob. 5RQCh. 9 - Prob. 6RQCh. 9 - Prob. 7RQCh. 9 - Prob. 8RQCh. 9 - Prob. 9RQCh. 9 - Prob. 10RQCh. 9 - Prob. 11RQCh. 9 - Prob. 12RQCh. 9 - Prob. 13RQCh. 9 - Prob. 14RQCh. 9 - Prob. 15RQCh. 9 - Prob. 16RQCh. 9 - Prob. 1TQCh. 9 - Prob. 2TQCh. 9 - Prob. 3TQCh. 9 - Prob. 4TQCh. 9 - Prob. 5TQCh. 9 - Prob. 6TQ
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The Biofuels industry is interested in engineering bacteria so that they may produce fuels such as ethanol. In one such study, scientists generated a strain of E coli in which they deleted the rpos gene from the strain of E coli. This deletion substantially enhance the production of ethanol. Explain the normal function of rpoS and why its deletion might improve ethanol production (limit 5-6 sentences)? Effect rpoS Deletion on EtOH Production [EtOH] g/L 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 5 10 Time (hr) 15 20 -rpos(+) -rpos(-)arrow_forwardThe gene encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase fromEscherichia coli is said to be orthologous to the rpoB gene ofBacillus subtilis. What does that mean about the relationshipbetween the two genes? What protein do you suppose therpoB gene of B. subtilis encodes? The genes for the differentsigma factors of E. coli are paralogous. What does that sayabout the relationship among these genes?arrow_forwardCyanobacteria are a large group of prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria are found in marine microbial mats that include many species of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that can participate in mutualistic symbiotic relationships. One recently discovered species of cyanobacteria, UCYN-A, lacks the genes that encode ribulose bisphosphate crboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), components of photosystem Il, and the Krebs cycle. UCYN-A contains genes enabling nitrogen fixation, which allows the enzymatic conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to biologically available nitrogen compounds such as nitrate. Within the microbial community there is relatively little available nitrogen. The majority of organisms in the microbial mat cannot fix nitrogen (a) Identify the metabolic process whereby UCYN-A is most likely to produce ATP. Explain this process including the inputs and outputs. (b) Identify the location where UCYN-A cells perform this process. Justify why they perform this process in this…arrow_forward
- A hypothetical gene for cephalosporin resistance is found to be carried by a transposon. Explain what a transposon is. Then explain how the cephalosporin resistance could be horizontally transferred between organisms by transformation, conjugation, and transduction. What steps/events would have to occur to allow the transposon to be transferred by each method. Also, explain how it could be transferred vertically between organisms.arrow_forwardBacterial endospores form when the environment is no longer conducive to active cell metabolism. The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, for example, begins the process of sporulation when one or more nutrients aredepleted. The end product is a small, metabolically dormant structure that can survive almost indefinitely with no detectable metabolism. Spores have mechanisms to prevent accumulation of potentially lethal mutations in their DNA over periods of dormancy that can exceed 1,000 years. B. subtilis spores are much more resistant than are the organism’s growing cells to heat, UV radiation, and oxidizing agents, all of which promote mutations.(a) One factor that prevents potential DNA damage in spores is their greatly decreased water content. How would this affect some types of mutations?(b) Endospores have a category of proteins called small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) that bind to their DNA, preventing formation of cyclobutane-type dimers. What causes cyclobutane dimers, and why…arrow_forwardGenetic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium that causes leprosy, reveals that its genome has undergone decay over time, losing DNA and acquiring mutations that make some of its genes nonfunctional. What might be some potential reasons for this evolutionary decay of its genome?arrow_forward
- Various strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells? Bacteria and Eukarya have similar mechanisms for the formation and use of enzymes in metabolic processes. Bacteria and Eukarya use the same enzymes in all of their metabolic processes so the genes are interchangeable. Bacteria and Eukarya share similar reproductive mechanisms so the cells reproduce without recognizing foreign DNA. Bacteria and Eukarya have the same mechanism for replicating DNA so genes can easily be transferred between the two types of cells.arrow_forwardImagine that there is an E. coli outbreak in your area, and you would like to test the kangkong from your local grocery store. How could you modify this protocol to extract DNA from the kangkong (to identify the species) and check for presence or absence of E. coli.? Keep in mind that (i) E. coli is free-living and not an endosymbiont, and (ii) plant cells are encased in both a cell membrane and cell wall.arrow_forwardRobert Bost and Richard Cribbs studied a strain of E. coli (araB14)that possessed a nonsense mutation in the structural gene that encodes Lribulokinase,an enzyme that allows the bacteria to metabolize the sugararabinose (R. Bost and R. Cribbs. 1969. Genetics 62:1–8). From thearaB14 strain, they isolated some bacteria that possessed mutations thatcaused them to revert back to the wild type. Genetic analysis of theserevertants showed that they possessed two different suppressormutations. One suppressor mutation (R1) was linked to the originalmutation in L-ribulokinase and probably occurred at the same locus. Byitself, this mutation allowed the production of L-ribulokinase, but theenzyme produced was not as effective in metabolizing arabinose as theenzyme encoded by the wild-type allele. The second suppressormutation (SuB) was not linked to the original mutation. In conjunctionwith the R1 mutation, SuB allowed the production of L-ribulokinase, butSuB by itself was not able to suppress the…arrow_forward
- N-formylmethionine is the amino acid specified by a tRNA molecule carrying the anticodon sequence 5’-CAU-3’ in which of the following organisms? in the eukaryotes only (like Homo sapiens) in the archaeobacteria only (like Methanococcus jannaschii) in both archaeobacteria and eukaryotes in the eubacteria only (like Escherichia coli) in both archaeobacteria and eubacteria During DNA repair in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which of the following enzymes replaces the damaged nucleotides, that were excised from the DNA strand, by inserting the correct nucleotides? topoisomerase DNA polymerase DNA helicase an exonuclease DNA ligasearrow_forwardUsing a computer algorithm that searches for sequence similarities in other organisms, you discover that hexose kinase is a highly conserved gene that is expressed by many species, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The most closely related prokaryotic homolog of hexose kinase has a protein sequence in which 90% of the amino acids are identical to those of the human version of the gene. To learn more about their similarity at the DNA level, you obtain segments of the genomic DNA coding for the hexose kinase gene in both humans and this prokaryotic species. After combining both DNA samples, you heat them to denature the DNA strands and then allow them to cool and reanneal. Finally, you examine the DNA hybrids you obtain under the electron microscope. Your analysis reveals that there are three different DNA hybrids in this sample, these can be seen below. You reason that one must belong to the prokaryotic species, one to the humans and the third arose when one strand from each species base…arrow_forwardN-formylmethionine is the amino acid specified by a tRNA molecule carrying the anticodon sequence 5’-CAU-3’ in which of the following organisms? in the eukaryotes only (like Homo sapiens) in the archaeobacteria only (like Methanococcus jannaschii) in both archaeobacteria and eukaryotes in the eubacteria only (like Escherichia coli) in both archaeobacteria and eubacteriaarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Archaea; Author: Bozeman Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W25nI9kpxtU;License: Standard youtube license