Concept explainers
To review:
Methods of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) exchange in microorganisms.
Introduction:
Gene transfer is the method by which a foreign gene is inserted into the cell. Bacteria and other microorganisms acquire genes by this method to acquire useful genes. Horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer is the lateral movement of genes between species. It is different from gene transfer in sexual reproduction in which vertical gene transfer occurs. Horizontal gene transfer can occur in three ways: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
Explanation of Solution
Microorganisms exchange DNA in three ways:
1. Transformation: It is a method of horizontal gene transfer by which some microorganisms take up the genetic material from the environment. This process only requires the presence of DNA in the environment of the cell. The bacterial cell should be competent enough to take up foreign DNA. After entering the cytoplasm, the DNA may be integrated into the chromosome.
2. Transduction: It is a method in which the genetic material from one bacterial cell is transferred to the other cell by a virus. Bacteriophage is the class of virus which infects the bacterial cell. Bacteriophage transfers its genetic material inside the bacterial cell and uses it as a host to make progeny viruses. Later when this bacteriophage infects the new host, a part of the bacterial DNA may get incorporated into the new host.
3. Conjugation: It is the method of transferring genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. The bacteria that donate the genetic material carry a DNA sequence called F-factor or fertility factor. F-factor helps to form a tubular structure called a pilus. The genetic material is transferred to the recipient cell through the pilus.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
- What is the purpose of bacterial transformation?arrow_forwardWhich of the following involves remarkable capacity of short segment of DNA to move from one place to another?a) DNA transpositionb) DNA replicationc) Translationd) Transcriptionarrow_forwardThe commonly prescribed antibiotic Clindamycin blocks the peptide bond formation between amino acids during protein synthesis. This would happen during A) transformation. B) translation. C) transcription. D) replication. E) mitosis.arrow_forward
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- 38) The following treatment(s) control bacterial growth by damaging the DNA structure of bacteria: a) Fluroquinolones b) UV light c) Radiation d) Rifamycin e) b & c39) The following treatment(s) stops transcription: a) Fluroquinolones b) UV light c) Radiation d) Rifamycin e) a & b40) Bacteria that grow optimally between the pH 5.5 – 8 are called: a) Acidophiles b) Neutrophiles c) Alkaliphiles d) Hydrophiles e) Nabilophiles41) All the following methods are physical ways for controlling bacterial growth except: a) chemotherapy b) Moist heat c) dry heat d) radiation e) low temperatures.42) Setting the autoclave time at the prescribed temperatures depending of what material you are autoclaving is called: a) D-Value b) Z-Value c) F-Value d) Autoclave Coefficient e) TValue43) A treatment that kills or removes all living cells, including viruses and spores, from a substance or objects is called: a) antiseptic b) sanitization c) disinfection d) chemotherapeutic e) sterilizatioarrow_forwardProteins are not suitable to the genetic molecules within cells because they? a) are large organic compounds b) are composed of building blocks called amino acids c) do not replicate themselves d) catalyze biochemical reactionsarrow_forwardA cytosine is deaminated, forming uracil. Which DNA repair systems is best able to correct this error?a) CPD photolyase repairb) mismatch repair c) nucleotide-excision repair d) base-excision repaire) homology-directed repairarrow_forward
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