Concept explainers
Interpretation: The use of arrow type 3 to draw resonating structures of cation should be explained.
Concept introduction: Lewis structure is a representation of molecules in which dots are shown to represent unshared electrons and lines are shown to represent bonds. These lines and dots represent distribution of electrons in the molecule.
When one single structure is unable to describe all the properties of a single-molecule, a phenomenon called resonance comes into play. This arises when two or more than two Lewis structures are possible for one molecule. All such structures are called resonating structures and have same placement of atoms in them but these have different locations of bond pairs and lone pairs. The resonating structures are inter-convertible with each other. The resultant of all the resonating or contributing structures is called the resonance hybrid.
Rules to form resonance structure are as follows:
1. Use arrow types 1 and 2 for the resonance structure of anions in the movement of negative charge.
2. Use only arrow type 3 to move a positive charge for the resonance structure of cations.
3. The sigma bond should not be broken. Any atom must not move from its place and total number of electrons must be the same in all resonance structures.
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Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
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- Make sure you read the questions very carefully to answer correctly. 1. Do the oxygen atoms have the same formal charge? VWrite "yes" or "no" in the blank. 2. If they have the same formal charge, what is the formal charge of the oxygen atoms? Write the number of formal charge with the sign. For example, +1 or -1 in the blank. If they do not have the same formal charge write "N/A" in the blank. 3. If they do not have the same charge, what are the formal charges of the oxygen atoms? Write the number of formal charges with the sign. For example, +1 or -1 in the blanks. If they do have the same formal charge write "N/A" in the blank. andarrow_forwardComplete the following acid-base reaction, using curved arrows to show the movement of electrons. Write Lewis structures for all reactants and products. Label all acids and bases. Predict the position of the equilibrium and explain your reasoning. NH ноarrow_forwardAn incomplete Lewis structure is shown below. The structure only shows the atoms and how they are connected. The molecule has a net charge of zero. H Н—N—С- -о—с—Н H H Complete the Lewis structure giving all atoms full octets. If there is more than one way to do this, draw resonance structures showing all possibilities. If not, just draw one Lewis structure. Be sure to write in any non-zero formal charges. Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- (a) Determine the formal charge of oxygen in the following structure. If the atom is formally neutral, indicate a charge of zero. (b) Draw an alternative Lewis (resonance) structure for the compound given in part (a). Show the unshared pairs and nonzero formal charges in your structure. Don't use radicals. Formal charge on O 0arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure created by the curved arrow. Write in formal charges wherever they are not equal to zero. H C=arrow_forwardConsider one resonance structure for the azide ion, N3-1 : What is the formal charge on each nitrogen atom in this resonance structure? Enter your answer as a number preceded by the appropriate charge (+ or -), if applicable. If the formal charge is zero, enter 0 . formal charge of left N [a] formal charge of middle N [b] formal charge of right N [c]arrow_forward
- Draw the best Lewis structure for the following polyatomic ion and be sure to include all resonance structures and formal charges. Hint: Chlorine is the central atom. chlorate, ClO3arrow_forwardIn an ammonium, nitrogen has a valence of 4, and zero nonbonding electrons. What is the correct formal charge of nitrogen with 4 covalent bonds?arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure of BH4- and use your Lewis structure to help fill in the missing numbers. Hint: you must put a number in each box. If the answer is zero, you must enter "0". The Lewis structure has: lone pairs = single bonds = double bonds = triple bonds = atoms with a positive formal charge = atoms with a negative formal charge = Is this structure stabilised by resonance? (Enter either yes or no below - no other words).arrow_forward
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