Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 29, Problem 14EQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The misleading results caused by horizontal gene transfer while constructing a phylogenetic tree and how to overcome it.
Introduction:
A phylogenetic tree is a diagrammatic representation of evolutionary relationships of different species based on their similarities and dissimilarities. It helps to know the common ancestors and their lineages.
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The phylogenetic tree of the OCTN homologs below was generated with the following accession numbers as basis:
NP_957143.1 - OCTN of unknown function
CDM63451.1 - OCTN specific for ergothioneine transport
XP_021324939.1 - OCTN specific for carnitine transport
Design the phylogenetic tree to make it look more interesting by highlighting the distinct clades or putting a visual emphasis on the gene you are trying to analyze. Provide a caption for this figure.
Explain how the different “-omics” involved with the three major parts of the central dogma can be used to study this new species. What are molecular techniques/tools (sequencers) that can be used to study each of these? How would you sequence the genome efficiently (i.e., lowest amount of time and money)?
List three reasons why rRNA genes are suitable for phylogeneticanalyses.
Chapter 29 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.1 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.1 - 3. A pair of birds flies to a deserted island and...Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 29.2 - 1. Phylogenetic trees are based on
a. natural...Ch. 29.2 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.2 - An approach that is used to construct a...Ch. 29.2 - 4. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which...Ch. 29.3 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.3 - Prob. 2COMQ
Ch. 29.3 - When the chromosomes of closely related species...Ch. 29 - 1. Discuss the two principles on which evolution...Ch. 29 - 2. Evolution, which involves genetic changes in a...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 29 - 5. Would each of the following examples of...Ch. 29 - Distinguish between anagenesis and cladogenesis....Ch. 29 - 7. Describe three or more genetic mechanisms that...Ch. 29 - Explain the type of speciation (allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 29 - Discuss the major differences among allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 29 - Would the rate of deleterious or beneficial...Ch. 29 - 15. Which would you expect to exhibit a faster...Ch. 29 - Prob. 16CONQCh. 29 - 17. Plant seeds contain storage proteins that are...Ch. 29 - Take a look at the -globin and -globin amino acid...Ch. 29 - Compare and contrast the neutral theory of...Ch. 29 - Prob. 20CONQCh. 29 - 21. As discussed in Chapter 27, genetic variation...Ch. 29 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 29 - Two populations of snakes are separated by a...Ch. 29 - 2. Sympatric speciation by allotetraploidy has...Ch. 29 - 3. Two diploid species of closely related frogs,...Ch. 29 - A researcher sequenced a portion of a bacterial...Ch. 29 - F1hybrids between two species of cotton,Gossypium...Ch. 29 - 6. A species of antelope has 20 chromosomes per...Ch. 29 - Prob. 7EQCh. 29 - 8. Prehistoric specimens often contain minute...Ch. 29 - From the results of the experiment of Figure...Ch. 29 - InChapter 23, a technique called fluorescence in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 11EQCh. 29 - 12. Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be...Ch. 29 - 13. A homologous DNA region, which was 20,000 bp...Ch. 29 - Prob. 14EQCh. 29 - Prob. 1QSDCCh. 29 - 2. Compare the forms of speciation that are slow...Ch. 29 - 3. Do you think that Darwin would object to the...
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- When constructing a phylogenetic tree, what problem would horizontal gene transfer pose?arrow_forwardThe following two sequences represent the same gene from two different species: Assume that all changes in the third position are synonymous and all in the first and second positions are nonsynonymous. a) How many synonymous sites (positions) are there in the gene? b) How many nonsynonymous sites (positions) are there in the gene? c) How many synonymous substitutions are there between species? d) How many nonsynonymous substitutions are there between species? e) What is the dN/dS ratio? f) What does the dN/dS ratio tell you about the evolution of this sequence? Finally, It has been hypothesized that population size affects genome size. What is the proposed relationship? How can it be explained?arrow_forwardLet's say that you're a scientist trying to analyze newly sequenced bacterial DNA genomes from an environmental sample of rainforest soil, and your first task is to organize all of the genomes you find into a phylogenetic tree. If you couldn't use the 16S rRNA gene sequence to create the tree, which of these alternative genes would work best for your task of creating a tree that works for all the bacteria in your sample? The gene for Bacteriochlorophyll A A gene for an RNA polymerase component protein The first gene in the histidine biosynthesis pathway The first gene in the LPS synthesis pathwayarrow_forward
- The genome relatedness of different organisms can be shown with a phylogenetic tree constructed based on DNA sequence. (1) Why DNA sequences could be used to deduce genome relationship? (2) What else may be used to suggest the relatedness of different genomes?arrow_forwardDefine horizontal gene transfer. What problems does it cause for evolutionary biologists?arrow_forwardCompare genome size, gene number, and gene density (a) in the threedomains and (b) among eukaryotes.arrow_forward
- What genes from the mitochondrion are also used for phylogeneticanalysis? Can you name and describe at least two genes?arrow_forwardfind an example of a set of genes that have been horizontally gene transferred between bacteria or archaea. Which organisms are the genes transferred between? Explain the set of genes that were transferred. Include what they are for and what the advantage to sharing those genes are.What do the organisms use the genes for?Which organisms the transfer happened between?What might be the advantage be to share the genes with other organisms?arrow_forwardWould a protein encoded on the core genome or one encoded only on the pan-genome be best to use in constructing a phylogenetic tree? Explain your answerarrow_forward
- For the E.coli. bacteria (prokaryotic species) and humans (eukaryotic species), show photos of their location in the phylogenetic tree, and their clade.arrow_forwardDescribe at least one reason that the traditional phylogenetic tree model may require modification.arrow_forwardYou isolate bacteria from several different pools at the recreation center. Curious about which bacteria likely have a common ancestor with your reference pool (the Buffalo-pool), you BLAST the 16S ribosomal gene from the Buffalo pool bacteria against the 16S ribosomal genes from the other pools. The results are shown below. Which of the bacteria likely have a common ancestor with the Buffalo-pool bacteria? Use e as a cutoff for homology. Organism Dive-well bacteria Competition-pool bacterial Practice-pool bacteria Puddle bacteria Puddle bacteria Practice-pool bacteria Competition-pool bacteria Dive-well bacteria E-value 9e-175 -300 8e 4e-2 4arrow_forward
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