Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 29, Problem 21CONQ
As discussed in Chapter 27,
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Apply the VIDA table to the evolution of sickle cell disease to justify whether it is an instance of evolution by natural selection. Answer the following questions.
Is there variation in this trait in the population? How exactly does it vary? Is the trait at least partly inherited? Is there selection for this trait in a particular environment? (What is the selective pressure? And how does a trait give an advantage or disadvantage in that environment?) What is the evidence that this trait makes organisms better adapted to their environment?
Artificial selection is when people selectively choose individuals with a certain desired trait to use as parents of the next generation. It is done to domesticated (or semi-domesticated) organisms. It has produced such monstrosities as bubble-eyed goldfish, revealing the potential for selection acting on heritable variation to produce varieties appearing very different than their ancestors. How is that different from natural selection? (Select all that apply)
A- In artificial selection, humans directly cause new mutations to occur, whereas natural selection relies on mutations that occur randomly over time.
B- Artificial selection can lead to organisms that would be unfit to survive in the wild, whereas natural selection usually makes the population better adapted.
C- Artificial selection is directed ahead of time towards an intentional goal; not so with natural selection.
D- Really, they are exactly the same process. Both cause what seems to be design without a designer.
E-…
Regardless of the rate of evolutionary change, the product of genetic alterations is ultimately tested by Natural Selection. Gradualism accounts for the constant yet slow linear modification of a population while punctuated equilibrium accounts for long periods of stasis followed by rapid divergence (multiple forms emerging).
-First, in no more than two sentences, explain Natural Selection (use your own words).-Second, explain the dynamics of selection. If natural selection acts on individuals, how might itshift allele frequencies in a population?-Third, explain gradualism and punctuated equilibrium in terms of selection. When discussingpunctuated equilibrium, remember that selection is still active in times of stasis
Chapter 29 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.1 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.1 - 3. A pair of birds flies to a deserted island and...Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 29.2 - 1. Phylogenetic trees are based on
a. natural...Ch. 29.2 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.2 - An approach that is used to construct a...Ch. 29.2 - 4. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which...Ch. 29.3 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.3 - Prob. 2COMQ
Ch. 29.3 - When the chromosomes of closely related species...Ch. 29 - 1. Discuss the two principles on which evolution...Ch. 29 - 2. Evolution, which involves genetic changes in a...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 29 - 5. Would each of the following examples of...Ch. 29 - Distinguish between anagenesis and cladogenesis....Ch. 29 - 7. Describe three or more genetic mechanisms that...Ch. 29 - Explain the type of speciation (allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 29 - Discuss the major differences among allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 29 - Would the rate of deleterious or beneficial...Ch. 29 - 15. Which would you expect to exhibit a faster...Ch. 29 - Prob. 16CONQCh. 29 - 17. Plant seeds contain storage proteins that are...Ch. 29 - Take a look at the -globin and -globin amino acid...Ch. 29 - Compare and contrast the neutral theory of...Ch. 29 - Prob. 20CONQCh. 29 - 21. As discussed in Chapter 27, genetic variation...Ch. 29 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 29 - Two populations of snakes are separated by a...Ch. 29 - 2. Sympatric speciation by allotetraploidy has...Ch. 29 - 3. Two diploid species of closely related frogs,...Ch. 29 - A researcher sequenced a portion of a bacterial...Ch. 29 - F1hybrids between two species of cotton,Gossypium...Ch. 29 - 6. A species of antelope has 20 chromosomes per...Ch. 29 - Prob. 7EQCh. 29 - 8. Prehistoric specimens often contain minute...Ch. 29 - From the results of the experiment of Figure...Ch. 29 - InChapter 23, a technique called fluorescence in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 11EQCh. 29 - 12. Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be...Ch. 29 - 13. A homologous DNA region, which was 20,000 bp...Ch. 29 - Prob. 14EQCh. 29 - Prob. 1QSDCCh. 29 - 2. Compare the forms of speciation that are slow...Ch. 29 - 3. Do you think that Darwin would object to the...
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- Evolution is driven by both nonrandom and random mechanisms. Identify the mechanisms of evolution that are random and comment on how they affect allele frequencies across generations.arrow_forwardGenetic variation is the product of completely random events, but acting upon this randomness is a very nonrandom process called natural selection. Explain or give an example.arrow_forwardDo you think the human race is continuing to evolve in a Darwinian, genetic sense? Are the genes of our species changing? Do not just write "yes" or "no," but explain why you think so. In addition, include in your explanation of how the mechanisms of evolution, such as natural selection, would be at play.arrow_forward
- Some genetic disorders are caused by autosomal recessive alleles. Many such alleles are recessive lethals, causing lethality very early in life (say, before the age of 20 yrs). Intuitively one might suggest that selection working on human population should completely remove such alleles from the population. Yet, there are many examples of such lethal genetic disorders occurring in low frequency in several human populations. Why is it almost impossible to completely remove these seemingly fitness-detrimental alleles from the population? Under what condition, extinction of such an allele from a population can be achieved?arrow_forwardWhy is population level genetic variation important for evolution and what causes genetic variation ? How do we detect if evolution is occurring ?arrow_forwardEvolution is a change in frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population. This definition of evolution was developed a result of the work in the 20th century by Hardy and Weinberg. Through mathematical modeling based on probability, they concluded that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation absence of evolutionary influences. Evolution will not occur in a population if seven conditions are met: 1. mutation is not occurring 2. natural selection is not occurring 3. the population is infinitely large 4. all members of the population breed 5. mating is totally random 6. everyone produces the same number of offspring 7. there is migration in or out of the population One of the criteria in the prompt above has been mis-typed. Correct the erroneous phrase so evolution will NOT occur.A) (5) There is sexual selection.B) (1) Mutation occurs within the population.C) (4) The fittest members of the population breed.D) (7)…arrow_forward
- Remember that understanding is explanations more than facts. Definitions of phenotype, genotype, allele, gene, microevolution, macroevolution Know that in humans, most of the genetic variation is observed within populations, and know why that is. Know the 4 processes of evolution (3 neutral + natural selection) Know that evolution isn't progressive and doesn't necessarily lead to more complexity Know that evolution can lead to traits that decrease survival (ex: sexual selection) Know that quantitative traits are generally influenced by (i) many genes, each having a small effect on the trait value; and (ii) the environment What is F1 like when you cross 2 homozygotic lines of peas of different colors? What is F2 like when you cross F1 individuals (remember what 9:3:3:1 is about) Know what genetic dominance is about Definitions of chromosome, nucleus, mitosis, meiosis, crossing over How many chromosomes in humans? How many pairs of chromosomes? Know and apply Hardy-Weinberg's equation…arrow_forwardYou study a group of wombats for your honours thesis. You find in your very large population samples a non-synonymous mutation at intermediate frequency (p = 0.45). After years of work, you find that both alleles (the mutant and the non-mutant) are maintained in the population. Whose theory is your %3D work MOST CONSISTENT with? The Balance School of Ford and Dobzhansky Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics Haldane's theory on mutation-selection balance Kimura's Neutral Theoryarrow_forwardRecall that the Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: No mutations Extremely large population No gene flow No selection You score flower colour in a very large natural population where flower colour is a co-dominant trait where white and red are homozygotes (CWCW and CRCR) and pink are heterozygotes (CWCR). Taking your observed phenotypes and genotypes, you apply the Hardy-Weinberg principle and find an excess of homozygous individuals (that is, individuals with either white or red flowers). Give two plausible explanations for this excess of homozygotes in the natural population.arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast the neutral theory of evolution and the Darwinian (i.e., selectionist) theory of evolution. Explain why the neutral theory of evolution is sometimes called non-Darwinian evolution.arrow_forwardYou are studying two genetic loci that are on the same chromosome. One of the loci is a gene that produces darker feathers in dark environments in birds. The second locus is a gene associated with metabolism. In your research you find that the second locus is not under selection, but the first locus is undergoing positive selection. The positive selection at the first locus is increasing a specific allele at the second locus. This discovery of yours is best described as which of the following? a. Recombinaton b. Linkage equilibrium c. Genetic hitchhiking d. Chromosome inversionarrow_forwardThere are three modes of natural selection: stabilizing selection, directional selection and diversifying/ disruptive selection. Describe each mode and explain how each mode affects the evolution of a population.arrow_forward
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