Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 29, Problem 2EQ
Sympatric
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Sympatric speciation by allotetraploidy has been proposed as acommon mechanism for speciation. Let’s suppose you were interestedin the origin of certain grass species in southern California.Experimentally, how would you go about determining if some ofthe grass species are the result of allotetraploidy?
Explain the type of speciation (allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric) most likely to occur under each of the following conditions:
A. A pregnant female rat is transported by an ocean liner to a new continent.
B. A meadow containing several species of grasses is exposed to a pesticide that promotes nondisjunction.
C. In a very large lake containing several species of fish, the water level gradually falls over the course of several years. Eventually, the large lake becomes subdivided into smaller lakes, some of which are connected by narrow streams.
14) Hybridization was not originally recognized as a mechanism of speciation by either Darwin or the researchers of the "new synthesis". However, today there are many examples of species that have originated through hybridization. What is the best explanation for why we have so many examples of species originating through hybridization?
A)
Hybridization is more likely to occur in regions where scientists have put in more effort studying speciation
B)
Hybridization occurs fairly regularly, and when it leads to new species only takes a few generations, which is fast enough for researchers to see fairly easily
C)
Hybridization is fairly easy to study in captivity
D)
Hybridization has been carried out frequently by farmers attempting to produce new, better species to grow
15) Anthropologist who study human evolution genetically have determined that populations of our species have gone through"founder effect" type events. What data would suggest that…
Chapter 29 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.1 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.1 - 3. A pair of birds flies to a deserted island and...Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 29.2 - 1. Phylogenetic trees are based on
a. natural...Ch. 29.2 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.2 - An approach that is used to construct a...Ch. 29.2 - 4. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which...Ch. 29.3 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.3 - Prob. 2COMQ
Ch. 29.3 - When the chromosomes of closely related species...Ch. 29 - 1. Discuss the two principles on which evolution...Ch. 29 - 2. Evolution, which involves genetic changes in a...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 29 - 5. Would each of the following examples of...Ch. 29 - Distinguish between anagenesis and cladogenesis....Ch. 29 - 7. Describe three or more genetic mechanisms that...Ch. 29 - Explain the type of speciation (allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 29 - Discuss the major differences among allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 29 - Would the rate of deleterious or beneficial...Ch. 29 - 15. Which would you expect to exhibit a faster...Ch. 29 - Prob. 16CONQCh. 29 - 17. Plant seeds contain storage proteins that are...Ch. 29 - Take a look at the -globin and -globin amino acid...Ch. 29 - Compare and contrast the neutral theory of...Ch. 29 - Prob. 20CONQCh. 29 - 21. As discussed in Chapter 27, genetic variation...Ch. 29 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 29 - Two populations of snakes are separated by a...Ch. 29 - 2. Sympatric speciation by allotetraploidy has...Ch. 29 - 3. Two diploid species of closely related frogs,...Ch. 29 - A researcher sequenced a portion of a bacterial...Ch. 29 - F1hybrids between two species of cotton,Gossypium...Ch. 29 - 6. A species of antelope has 20 chromosomes per...Ch. 29 - Prob. 7EQCh. 29 - 8. Prehistoric specimens often contain minute...Ch. 29 - From the results of the experiment of Figure...Ch. 29 - InChapter 23, a technique called fluorescence in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 11EQCh. 29 - 12. Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be...Ch. 29 - 13. A homologous DNA region, which was 20,000 bp...Ch. 29 - Prob. 14EQCh. 29 - Prob. 1QSDCCh. 29 - 2. Compare the forms of speciation that are slow...Ch. 29 - 3. Do you think that Darwin would object to the...
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- A genome duplication event, creating a tetraploid plant from a diploid parent plant, can sometimes result in the creation of a new species. This type of speciation is called allopatric adaptive radiation sympatric gradual speciation Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier? Hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing One plant lives on acid soil, the other on alkaline soil. Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of the year Pollen of one species of tobacco cannot fertilize a different species of tobacco.arrow_forwardWhich of the following best explains why coalescent-based phylogenetic inference is important in the age of phylogenomics? A) Coalescent-based methods directly model gene tree histories independently to infer the species tree in a summary-based manner, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. B) Coalescent-based methods have the most advanced evolutionary models of molecular evolution, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. C) Coalescent-based methods are no more important than other types of phylogenetic inference, even for phylogenomic analyses. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardYou become interested in monarch butterfly conservation and begin investigating milkweeds (genus Asclepias), their larval host plant. You decide to construct a phylogeny for Illinois milkweed species based on DNA sequence data. You sequence a chloroplast gene from five species, as shown in the table below. For your outgroup, you sequence Tropical milkweed, a species that is more distantly related to the other species. Using parsimony, construct the tree that requires the fewest number of mutations. Starting with your inferred ancestral sequence, mark each mutation and its sequence position on your tree. Hints: Assume the outgroup sequence is the ancestral sequence. Focus on the shared mutations (synapomorphies). Sites that do not vary among species are not useful for phylogenetics and can be ignored. Mutations that only occur in one species (autapomorphies) should be marked on the tree but do not help in constructing the tree. Table 1. Sequence 175-186 in chloroplast trnL/F gene…arrow_forward
- The ancestor of cats was presumably homozygous for wild type at all of the described genes. What was the phenotype of this ancestral cat at each of these loci? 1)Dark grey with black mackerel stripes 2)Light grey female with dark grey mackerel stripes 3)Light brown male with chocolate tips 4)Black female with large white patches 5)Cream male with small white patches and orange mackerel stripes 6)A uniformly colored black catarrow_forwardwhich statement is false? 1)In the context of the evolution of senescence, the aphorism "live fast and die young" means that organisms with a more risky behavior will have a shorter life span. 2)Allopatric speciation is a type of speciation process that takes place in different geographic locations.arrow_forwardA consortium of dairy and beef farmers has hired you to study the evolutionary origins of domestic cattle. They particularly want to know whether the humped zebu cattle of Asia and the cattle of Africa are derived from different species of wild cattle than European breeds. Outline a complete research program to study this question. Describe the sequence of steps you would need to do, what kind of data you would collect, and the methods you could use to evaluate possible trees and branches.arrow_forward
- Were any of your physical traits autapomorphic or synapomorphic when plotted on the gene trees? Which ones and for which species? Phylogeneticists often refer to these physical traits as “evolutionarily significant,” what do you suppose they mean by this? Were any of your physical traits analogous? Which ones? Why do you suppose some traits can occur multiple times on a tree while others don’t? Given your results from two genes and physical traits, what relationships between species are you certain of? Which ones are you uncertain of? Why? If gene trees have more information in terms of base pairs for generating phylogenies, why do you suppose phylogeneticists even bother using and including physical traits in their analyses?arrow_forwardHybridization was not originally recognized as a mechanism of speciation by either Darwin or the researchers of the "new synthesis". However, today there are many examples of species that have originated through hybridization. What is the best explanation for why we have so many examples of species originating through hybridization? Hybridization is more likely to occur in regions where scientists have put in more effort studying speciation Hybridization has been carried out frequently by farmers attempting to produce new, better species to grow Hybridization occurs fairly regularly, and when it leads to new species only takes a few generations, which is fast enough for researchers to see fairly easily Hybridization is fairly easy to study in captivityarrow_forwardTwo hundred years ago, the fly species Rhagoletis pomonella only laid its eggs on fruit of the hawthorn tree. Today, different "host races" of R. pomonella lay their eggs on hawthorns OR apples. Apples occur within the range of hawthorns, so divergence between apple flies and hawthorn flies could be the first step in sympatric speciation. Choose the evidence that would suggest that R. pomonella is currently undergoing sympatric speciation. Check ALL answers that apply. A. Apple flies and hawthorn flies are able to form fertile hybrids. B. Apple flies and hawthorn flies are physically indistinguishable from each other. C. Apple flies typically mate with apple flies, and hawthorn flies typically mate with hawthorn flies. D. Apple flies and hawthorn flies emerge from their hosts at different times of the year.arrow_forward
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