a. To determine: The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication. Introduction: An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

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In the lab, you discover two yeast haploid mutants that cannot produce arginine. You cross them together and the resulting diploid produces arginine. If producing arginine is the wild type phenotype, what can you definitively conclude? A.The haploid strains have identical mutations in the same genes. B.The haploid strains have identical mutations in different genes. C.The haploid strains have mutations in different genes. D.The haploid strains have mutations in the same gene. E.The haploid strains must belong to the complementation group encoding the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway.

The origin of genes that have new functions often involves the divergence of gene duplicates.Duplicates can arise via several mechanisms. a. One mechanism of gene duplication is retrotransposition, the insertion into the genome of DNA produced by reverse transcription of a messenger RNA. These gene duplicates are often dead on arrival: they are pseudogenes as soon as they are formed. Why are such duplicates so often dead on arrival? b. A second mechanism of gene duplication occurs via unequal crossing over during meiosis. Gene duplicates formed this way are functional more often than when they arise by reverse transcription. Why is that? c. If a gene duplicate is initially functional, what are its possible ultimate fates? Which is most likely,and why?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 53P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

Introduction:

An organism cannot tolerate mutations in a gene. The mutations are essential for the variations in the population of an organism. The process of duplication provides two copies of the gene.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The reason for the fact that a rice plant is diploid rather than tetraploid if an ancestor rice plant undergoes whole-genome duplication.

Introduction:

The process of evolution depends on the existence of variation in DNA sequences. The variants that enable the organism to survive normally in a particular environment will spread throughout the population.

Answer 10

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The chromosomes of rice that have sequences which are originated in the other ancestral chromosomes.

Introduction:

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins. The chromosomes are present in the nucleus of living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The evidence that support the genesis of chromosome Os12 involves a translocation event.

Introduction:

Chromosome translocation is a phenomenon which leads to the unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. It involves balanced and unbalanced translocation. It is of two types, first is reciprocal, and the other is Robertsonian translocation.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Solution Summary: The author analyzes the evidence that the entire genome of an ancestral rice plant species is responsible for duplication.

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