Drosophila P elements were discovered because of a phenomenon called hybrid dysgenesis—sterility of particular hybrid progeny. When scientists in the 1970s crossed their D. melanogaster laboratory strains to flies of the same species obtained from natural environments outside the lab, they observed a remarkable result: The progeny of the crosses were sterile, but only when outside males were crossed with lab strain females. Progeny resulting from crosses of outside females with lab males were perfectly normal.
DNA analysis revealed that while the genomes of the outside flies contain P elements, the lab fly genomes have none. Apparently, P elements spread throughout the wild population of D. melanogaster after the capture of the originators of present-day laboratory strains over 100 years ago.
a. | The hybrid progeny are sterile because their germ-line cells have a high rate of mutation and chromosomal rearrangement (dysgenesis) caused by high rates of P element mobilization. Explain how P element movement can cause dysgenesis. |
b. | Scientists first hypothesized that the deposition of P element-encoded repressor protein (see Fig. 13.27) in egg cytoplasm is behind the observation that dysgenic progeny result only from crosses of laboratory females with outside males, and not vice versa. Explain this hypothesis. Why do the P elements mobilize when the cross occurs in one direction but not the other? (You will see in Chapter 17 that this hypothesis is correct, but it accounts for only part of the story.) |
c. | When males from certain outside strains are mated to lab females, the hybrid progeny are only partially sterile rather than completely sterile. Given this information, describe crosses that would allow you to isolate loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked Drosophila gene yellow that are caused by P element insertion. (These recessive mutant alleles will produce yellow rather than the wild-type tan body color.) At the molecular level, what do you think explains the difference between outside strains whose hybrid progeny are all sterile and outside strains whose progeny are only semisterile? |
d. | In wild-type fruit flies, researchers can observe rare patches on the bodies that have yellow rather than tan color. Interestingly, the frequency of these yellow patches did not increase in the progeny of a cross between outside males and lab females. What property of hybrid dysgenesis does this result suggest? |
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 13 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- n corn, male sterility is controlled by maternal cytoplasmic elements. This phenotype renders the male part of the corn plants (i.e the tassel) unable to produce fertile pollen; the female parts, however, remain receptive to pollination by pollen from male fertile corn plants. However, the presence of a nuclear fertility restorer gene F restores fertility to male sterile lines Using the cardboard chips, simulate the crosses indicated below. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offsprings in each cross, and properly label the nucleus and the cytoplasm each individual in the cross Legend male sterile cytoplasm Male fertile cytoplasm FF nucleus Ff nucleus ff nucleus A. Male sterile female x FF male Explain the phenotype of the offspring B. Male sterile female x Ff male Explain the phenotype of the offspringarrow_forwardIn Drosophila, the wildtype eye color is black. In the laboratory, you screened for mutants than when homozygous results to different eye phenotypes. You found two mutants 1) red eye (re) and 2) white eye (we). You performed a complementation test and the resulting eye phenotype was gray. From the results, what conclusion can you make? A. There was complementation, thus the two mutations are alleles of different genes. B. There was no complementation, thus the two mutations are alleles of different genes. C. The two mutations failed to complement, thus they are alleles of different genes. D. The two mutations failed to complement, thus they are alleles of the same genes. E. The two mutations complemented, hence they are likely controlled by different genes.arrow_forwardDrosophila females heterozygous for three recessive mutations, a, b, and c , were crossed to males homozygous for all three mutations.The cross yielded the following results: in the image Q. Construct a linkage map showing the correct order of these genes and estimate the distances between them.arrow_forward
- In corn, male sterility is controlled by maternal cytoplasmic elements. This phenotype renders the male part of the corn plants (i.e the tassel) unable to produce fertile pollen; the female parts, however, remain receptive to pollination by pollen from male fertile corn plants. However, the presence of a nuclear fertility restorer gene F restores fertility to male sterile lines Using the cardboard chips, simulate the crosses indicated below. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offsprings in each cross, and properly label the nucleus and the cytoplasm of each individual in the cross Legend male sterile cytoplasm Male fertile cytoplasm FF nucleus Ff nucleus ff nucleus A. Male sterile female x FF male Explain the phenotype of the offspring B. Male sterile female x Ff male Explain the phenotype of the offspringarrow_forwardWhich of the following depicts an epigenetic change?i. Green, variegated and albino Agave plants differ in photosynthetic pigments due to differential chromatin compaction in cells of various plant types within the species.ii. Flowers of the hybrid produced from a cross of a red-flowered snapdragon by a white-flowered snapdragon are colored pinkiii. Identical twins show dissimilar phenotypes due to changed methylation patterns of the Cytosines and their DNA as a response to different environments a. I onlyb. I and IIIc. II and III d. III onlyarrow_forwardEC2. Here is a tetrad produced by mating a H Y strain to an h y strain. a) What is the tetrad type? b) What has recombined with what? EC3. In corn, a dihybrid for the recessive genes a and b is test-crossed. The distribution of the phenotypes is as follows: A B 122A b 118a B 81a b 79 a) Do the genes appear to be sorting independently? Look at map units here. b) Test your hypothesis with a chi-squared test.arrow_forward
- In fruit flies, you are mapping three genes in a three point cross. The mutants are hairy body (h), sepia colored eyes (se) and female sterility (g). You cross a heterozygous parent with a homozygous recessive parent and obtain the following results: Type Number h se g. 5 + se + 450 + se g 27 ++g_ h se + + + + h + g. h + + TOTAL is the gene in the middle and the distance in map units between se and g is Oh; 16.4 se; 7.1 Oh; 7.1 70 82 7 327 32 1000 se; 16.4arrow_forwardThe normal sequence of markers on a certain Drosophila chromosome is ABCDE*FGHIJK, where the asterisk represents the centromere. Some flies were isolated with a chromosome aberration that has the following structure: ABCDE*FIJK . This represents a O a) deletion of GH segment O b) inversion of GH segment O c) deletion O d) deletion of centromerearrow_forwardA panel of cell lines was created by human-mouse somatic-cell hybridization. Each cell line was examined for the presence of human chromosomes and for the production of three enzymes. The following results were obtained: Human chromosomes Enzyme 1 2 3 Cell line 4 8 9 12 15 16 17 22 X A D - + + + + On the basis of these results, give the chromosomal locations of the genes encoding enzyme 1, enzyme 2, and enzyme 3.arrow_forward
- A scientist working with Drosophila flies studies wing length, an X-linked characteristic. He has pure-breeding lines of short-winged and long-winged flies available. He decides to use reciprocal crosses for his work.i) What are reciprocal crosses? ii) Provide an example of the reciprocal crosses this scientist will do.iii) If the gene for wing length was sex-linked, but present in the pseudoautosomal region, what would you expect the outcome of a reciprocal cross to be with regards to males and females?arrow_forwardDrosophila P elements were discovered because ofa phenomenon called hybrid dysgenesis—sterilityof particular hybrid progeny. When scientists in the1970s crossed their D. melanogaster laboratorystrains to flies of the same species obtained fromnatural environments outside the lab, they observeda remarkable result: The progeny of the crosseswere sterile, but only when outside males werecrossed with lab strain females. Progeny resultingfrom crosses of outside females with lab maleswere perfectly normal.DNA analysis revealed that while the genomesof the outside flies contain P elements, the lab flygenomes have none. Apparently, P elements spreadthroughout the wild population of D. melanogasterafter the capture of the originators of present-daylaboratory strains over 100 years ago.a. The hybrid progeny are sterile because their germline cells have a high rate of mutation and chromosomal rearrangement (dysgenesis) caused by highrates of P element mobilization. Explain howP element movement…arrow_forwardGroodies are useful (but fictional) haploid organisms that are pure genetic tools. A wild-type groody has a fat body, a long tail, and flagella. Mutant lines are known that have thin bodies, are tailless, or do not have flagella. Groodies can mate with one another (although they are so shy that we do not know how) and produce recombinants. A wild-type groody mates with a thin-bodied groody lacking both tail and flagella. The 1000 baby groodies produced are classified as shown in theillustration here. Assign genotypes, and map the three genes. (Problem 25 is from Burton S. Guttman.)arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education