Chapter 7, Problem 105A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The composition of zinc-64 needs to be expressed in shorthand form.

Concept Introduction: An electron configuration of an atom can also be written in shorthand form. In this form, the noble gas is mentioned in the electron configuration of the element. In this case, the number of electrons in the lower energy level is converted by the atomic number of the nearest noble gas.

Answer to Problem 105A

  $\left[\text{Ar}\right]3d^{10}4s^2$

Explanation of Solution

The given element is zinc with atomic mass 64. Its atomic number is 30.

The electronic configuration of zinc can be represented as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}$

Here, 4s atomic orbital is filled before 3d. The electron configuration can also be represented as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^2$

The nearest noble gas is Ar with atomic number 18. Thus, the shorthand notation will be:

  $\left[\text{Ar}\right]3d^{10}4s^2$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The composition of chlorine-37 needs to be expressed in shorthand form.

Concept Introduction: An electron configuration of an atom can also be written in shorthand form. In this form, the noble gas is mentioned in the electron configuration of the element. In this case, the number of electrons in the lower energy level is converted by the atomic number of the nearest noble gas.

Answer to Problem 105A

  $\left[\text{Ne}\right]3s^{2}3p^5$

Explanation of Solution

The given element is chlorine with atomic mass 37. Its atomic number is 17. The electronic configuration of chlorine can be represented as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^5$

The nearest noble gas is Ne with atomic number 10. Thus, the shorthand notation will be:

  $\left[\text{Ne}\right]3s^{2}3p^5$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The composition of hydrogen-3 needs to be expressed in shorthand form.

Concept Introduction: An electron configuration of an atom can also be written in shorthand form. In this form, the noble gas is mentioned in the electron configuration of the element. In this case, the number of electrons in the lower energy level is converted by the atomic number of the nearest noble gas.

Answer to Problem 105A

  $1s^1$

Explanation of Solution

The given element is hydrogen with atomic mass 3. Its atomic number is 1.

The electronic configuration of hydrogen can be represented as follows:

  $1s^1$

Since the nearest noble gas has an atomic number greater than H which is helium He (2), it cannot have any shorthand notation.

The electronic configuration can only be represented as follows:

  $1s^1$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The composition of calcium-40 needs to be expressed in shorthand form.

Concept Introduction: An electron configuration of an atom can also be written in shorthand form. In this form, the noble gas is mentioned in the electron configuration of the element. In this case, the number of electrons in the lower energy level is converted by the atomic number of the nearest noble gas.

Answer to Problem 105A

  $\left[\text{Ar}\right]4s^2$

Explanation of Solution

The given element is calcium with atomic mass 40. Its atomic number is 20.

The electronic configuration of calcium can be represented as follows:

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^2$

Here, 4s atomic orbital is filled before 3d.

The nearest noble gas is Ar with atomic number 18. Thus, the shorthand notation will be:

  $\left[\text{Ar}\right]4s^2$