Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 20PDQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The special feature of the DNA polymerase enzyme used in PCR.
Introduction: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a particular region of DNA. PCR involves three steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension.
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a)
(iii)
(iv)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that enables multiplication of specific DNA
sample at minute amount to millions or billions of copies at a short time span.
(i)
Figure 1 indicates the chemicals added into the PCR reaction tube prior to the
addition of thermostable DNA polymerase. Do you agree with the list? Justify your
answer.
DNA template
Buffer (containing Tris-HCI,
KCI, Mg2+)
ddNTP
Forward primer
Reverse primer
Figure 1
If TA cloning is planned to be carried out after amplification of the gene, which
thermostable DNA polymerase will you select and the reason for your selection?
Why is the optimal annealing temperature vital in this technique? Explain how this
temperature (too high or too low) will affect the efficiency of this reaction.
If the primers you purchased possessed the following information:
Number of Guanine: 4
Number of Adenine: 3
Number of Thymine: 4
Number of Cytosine: 5
Calculate the melting temperature of this primer and estimate the…
Put the steps of one PCR cycle in the correct order:
The PCR reaction mixture is heated to about 70 degrees, which is the optimum temperature for the polymerase to build the new strands of DNA, starting at the 3' end of the primer.
The PCR reaction mixture is heated to 95 degrees Celsius, which denatures the double stranded template DNA.
The PCR reaction mixture is cooled to about 50-55 degrees, which allows the primers to find their complementary site on the template and "anneal" the
Explain why a positive control and negative control are included in PCR experiments.
Explain the three steps involved in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction.Why is loading dye added to the DNA sample for gel electrophoresis?
Explain the function of the following components in a PCR reaction:− Primer, dNTP, MgCl, Taq polymerase, buffer.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 20 - A plasmid that is both ampicillin and tetracycline...Ch. 20 - You have just created the worlds first genomic...Ch. 20 - What undesirable or unforeseen consequences might...Ch. 20 - Do we have the ethical right to alter the genomes...Ch. 20 - Should these new technologies be regulated...Ch. 20 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter we focused on how...Ch. 20 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 20 - What roles do restriction enzymes, vectors, and...Ch. 20 - The human insulin gene contains a number of...Ch. 20 - Although many cloning applications involve...
Ch. 20 - Using DNA sequencing on a cloned DNA segment, you...Ch. 20 - Restriction sites are palindromic; that is, they...Ch. 20 - List the advantages and disadvantages of using...Ch. 20 - What are the advantages of using a restriction...Ch. 20 - In 1975, the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant...Ch. 20 - In the context of recombinant DNA technology, of...Ch. 20 - If you performed a PCR experiment starting with...Ch. 20 - Prob. 13PDQCh. 20 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 20 - You have recovered a cloned DNA segment from a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 20 - Although the capture and trading of great apes has...Ch. 20 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 20 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 20 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 20 - Traditional Sanger sequencing has largely been...Ch. 20 - How is fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)...Ch. 20 - What is the difference between a knockout animal...Ch. 20 - Prob. 24PDQCh. 20 - When disrupting a mouse gene by knockout, why is...Ch. 20 - Prob. 26PDQCh. 20 - Prob. 27PDQCh. 20 - As you will learn later in the text (Special...Ch. 20 - The gel presented here shows the pattern of bands...Ch. 20 - A widely used method for calculating the annealing...Ch. 20 - Most of the techniques described in this chapter...Ch. 20 - In humans, congenital heart disease is a common...Ch. 20 - The U.S. Department of Justice has established a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 34ESP
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- In a typical PCR reaction, describe what is happening in stages occurring at temperature ranges (a) 92–95°C, (b) 45–65°C, and (c) 65–75°C.arrow_forwardPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that enables multiplication of specific DNA sample at minute amount to millions or billions of copies at a short time span. (i) (ii) Figure 1 indicates the chemicals added into the PCR reaction tube prior to the addition of thermostable DNA polymerase. Do you agree with the list? Justify your answer. DNA template Buffer (containing Tris-HCI, KCI, Mg2+) ddNTP Forward primer Reverse primer Figure 1 If TA cloning is planned to be carried out after amplification of the gene, which thermostable DNA polymerase will you select and the reason for your selection?arrow_forwardMost PCR reactions do not use the more expensive types of DNA polymerase, which have DNA proofreading. How might this be a problem in accurately copying specific DNA sequences of the target gene?arrow_forward
- The process of PCR essentially revolves around three phases. Briefly describe these phases and the events that occur in them. Take note the temperature on which these phases take place.arrow_forwardThe final amount of each primer required in a PCR reaction is 25 picomol. If the total volume of the PCR reaction is equal to 100 µl and the stock concentration of each primer is equal to 0.0025 mM. Calculate the volume of stock primer that needs to be added in order to ensure a primer amount of 25 picomol.arrow_forwardYou wish to amplify a segment of DNA from a plasmid template by PCR with the use of the following primers: 5’-GGATCGATGCTCGCGA3' and 5' -AGGATCGGGTCGCGAG-3'. Despite repeated attempts, you fail to observe a PCR product of the expected length after electrophoresis on an agarose gel. Instead, you observe a bright smear on the gel with an approximate length of 25 to 30 base pairs. Explain these results.arrow_forward
- In a typical PCR reaction what is happening in stages occurring at temperature ranges (a) 92–95°C, (b) 45–65°C, and (c) 65–75°C.arrow_forwardIn PCR amplification Why is it important to know the length of the sequence you amplify?arrow_forwardA successful PCR experiment often depends on designing the correct primers. In particular, the T m for each primer should be approximately the same. What is the basis of this requirement?arrow_forward
- Our PCR samples already contain loading dye, but sometimes this isn’t the case. If your samples didn’t already contain dye and you wanted to load your PCR sample onto an agarose gel, you’d need to add loading dye to the proper concentration. There is a 6X loading dye available for use; how many µl of this loading dye will you add to 10 µl of your sample so that it is at a 1X working concentration? Show your work.arrow_forwardYou are performing PCR for the first time using some new primers that are 25 nucleotides in length with an estimated melting temperature of 65 0C to amplify a 200 nucleotide gene. After PCR, you run an agarose gel on the samples and observe a faint band at 25 nucleotides. What is the best possible explanation for the results? The primers hybridized to multiple sites on the DNA template. Too much template DNA was added to the PCR mixture. The primers dimerized preventing DNA transcription from occurring. A nuclease was in the solution causing degradation of the DNA.arrow_forwardThe exponential nature of PCR allows spectacular increases in the abundance of a DNA sequence being amplified. Consider a 10-kbp DNA sequence in a genome of 1010 base pairs. What fraction of the genome is represented by this sequence; i.e., what is the fractional abundance of this sequence in this genome? Calculate the fractional abundance of this target sequence after 10, 15, and 20 cycles of PCR, starting with DNA representing the whole genome and assuming that no other sequences in the genome undergo amplification in the process.arrow_forward
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