Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 11, Problem 3RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The method used by the influenza virions to gain access to the host cytoplasm and the role of fusion peptides.
Introduction:
Influenza is a type of virus that attacks the respiratory system (throat, nose, and lungs) of human beings. Influenza is a highly virulent (toxic) negative-stranded RNA (Ribonucleic acid) virus. It has a segmented genome that consists of eight RNA segments and each segment encodes one or two proteins. It causes an infectious disease “flu� and most of the time it resolves on its own.
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Why does phage T4 need a lysozyme-like protein in order toinfect its host, and what part of T4 enters the host cytoplasm?
Explain the reason why these viruses encode their own special fusion protein rather than making use of a cell's SNARES.
Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers.
a) The vaccine is more stable for transport.
b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19.
c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2.
d) The vaccine does not need a booster.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- a. Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation? a) dsRNA b) Positive ssRNA c) Retroviruses d) Negative ssRNA b. An antiviral drug specifically modifies viral receptors on a eukaryotic host cell. How might this affect the viral reproductive cycle? It would enhance the process of viral apoptosis It would result in the degeneration of the viral capsid It would facilitate the process of viral endocytosis It would prevent the virus from attaching to the host cellarrow_forwardHow does the M2 protein of influenza viruses promote the uncoating of virus particles during the infection cycle?arrow_forwardDescribe the role of the Gag polyprotein during the assembly of HIV components at the host-cell plasma membrane.arrow_forward
- Which protein product of HTLV-1 functions as a transcriptional activator and is also considered to be the major viral oncoprotein?arrow_forwardCan you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific molecules on the surface of each virus that directly interacts with the respective cellular receptor molecule? What is/are the specific molecules on the surface of the respective target cells that serve as the cellular receptors for these viruses respectively?arrow_forwardHow is host cell lysis triggered after bacteriophage invasion? What are the outcomes to bacterial host physiology if the bacteriophage undergoes the lysogenic cycle?arrow_forward
- During the lysogenic cycle of lambda (1) phage the phage genome is integrated in the host chromosome where it is passed on to daughter cells through binary fission. the phage DNA is copied and accumulates in the cytoplasm. Then a trigger causes capsid proteins to be made and phages are assembled. the product of one prophage gene is made and it activates most of the other prophage genes. the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-producing factory. Then the host lyses. 0000arrow_forwardWhy must the top agar be supplemented with MgSo4 A) it is required to induce the production of cro repressors B) it is required to induce the production of cI repressors C) it helps stabilize the phage for infection D) it induces the expression of the lamB gene in E. Coliarrow_forwardAfter lambda infects a cell, how does it decide to create a lysogen? Name the major cis and transplayers and their function.arrow_forward
- What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages? In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA integrates itself into the host genome after penetration, and continues to biosynthesis when conditions change The host cell is not killed in the lysogenic cycle The lytic cycle occurs in the nucleus, while the lysogenic cycle occurs in the cytoplasm In the lysogenic cycle, penetration is achieved through phagocytosisarrow_forwardConsider the phase variation of flagella in Salmonella. Describe the phenotype of a cell in which hin is deleted. Will it be motile? Will it undergo phase variation? Which flagellin(s) will be used, if any? Name two bacterial defenses against bacteriophages and explain how they work How might a phage evolve resistance to the CRISPR host defense?arrow_forwardIn what major way does transcription of phage DNA differ inphages T4 and T7?arrow_forward
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