Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 11, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The effects of differing strategies of RNA and DNA viruses on the immune response and antiviral agents against these viruses.
Introduction:
RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) viruses have different replication cycles. This difference is largely due to the different types of
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Book: Biology (Campbell)
11 edition
Urry. Cain. Wasserman. Minorsky. Reece
Which of the following is a known characteristic that can lead to genetic changes in some viruses?
Operons in the viral genome can undergo homologous recombination, leading to genetic rearrangements.
Reassortment of segmented genomes can occur if a host cell is co-infected with two different viral strains.
RNA polymerases used in replication of the viral genome have proofreading capability.
Environmental conditions can trigger the SOS response, which triggers mutations in the viral genome.
a. Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation?
a)
dsRNA
b)
Positive ssRNA
c)
Retroviruses
d)
Negative ssRNA
b.
An antiviral drug specifically modifies viral receptors on a eukaryotic host cell. How might this affect the viral reproductive cycle?
It would enhance the process of viral apoptosis
It would result in the degeneration of the viral capsid
It would facilitate the process of viral endocytosis
It would prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell
Chapter 11 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5arrow_forwardWhat defines a virus' host range? Know the multiplication steps (in order) for a virus (both bacteriophage and animal viruses). What happens at each step? What is the major difference between the steps in animal viruses vs. bacteriophages? Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage infection. What are the different types of viral genomes possible? What are the differences between entry and exit for enveloped vs naked viruses? o i.e. fusion, endocytosis, budding or exocytosis, lysis/bursting/rupturing, Explain how viruses are cultured. Why would viruses need to be cultured? What is a latent viral infection? What are cytopathic effects (know examples). Know characteristics of viroids and prions. What are they? What kinds of diseases can they cause (know examples for prions) How can viral infections be treated? bparrow_forwardWhich of the following is a known characteristic or procesds that can lead to genetic changes in some viruses? When two different viral strains of the same type of virus infect a single individual, reassortment/mixing of segmented genome pieces can occur, resulting in new combinations of segments. Genetic rearrangements of the viral genome occurs as a result of duplicate operons in the viral genome undergoing homologous recombination. Environmental conditions trigger the SOS response in viruses, and leads to generation of errors/mutations in the viral genome. Viral RNA polymerases display proofreading capability in replicating the viral genome of certain viruses.arrow_forward
- How do cellular receptors for viruses come about? does host species that a particular virus infects evolve to have the viral receptors? would the above offer any survival and/or reproductive advantages to the host? how likely does the virus mutate so it would recognize (or fit) a particular exiting surface protein on the target cells of the host?arrow_forwardWhy do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as potential causes of deadly human pandemics, but they never talk about the next big Herpesvirus strain deadly pandemic? Which of the statements below helps partially answer that? We already have effective vaccines for Herpes. Influenza and CoV have more genes, more complex gene expression, and can undergo genetic recombination or reassortment, while Herpesviruses are more limited. Only humans get Herpesviruses, while animals can get Influenza viruses and Coronaviruses. dsDNA viruses aren't very transmissible and even when they are, they're not deadly. Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can more easily jump between host species. Herpesviruses are dsDNA viruses and usually very host specific. O O O Oarrow_forwardWhich of the following processes occurs in both lytic and nonlytic viral infections?(i) Infected cell ruptures to release viral particles.(ii) Viral mRNAs are transcribed by the host-cell translation machinery.(iii) Viral proteins and nucleic acids are packaged to produce virions.arrow_forward
- Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forwardWhich of the following models best depicts how the genetic information in a retrovirus is eventually translated into proteins? A) DNA in the retrovirus → RNA in the host cell → Proteins B) RNA in the retrovirus → DNA in the host cell → RNA in the host cell → Proteins C) RNA in the retrovirus → mRNA in the host cell → Proteins D) DNA in the retrovirus → mRNA in the host cell → Proteinsarrow_forwardViruses are considered non-living microbes, and yet they are responsible for many major disease outbreaks in humans, animals, and even plants. Consider the following: How are these non-living microbes able to reproduce without metabolic functions? Can viruses be exploited to help humans fight bacterial pathogens? Which viruses are able to stay dormant in the human body and reactivate later in life or when immune defenses are compromised? What impact might travel outside of the United States have in blood, tissue, or organ donation? Please answer question 1, 2, 3, and 4 if possible, thank you.arrow_forward
- Which of the following are the functions of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? i) it hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA ii) it uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis iii) it converts host cell RNA into viral DNA iv) it translates viral RNA into proteins v) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strand vi) It degrades RNA from DNA-RNA hybrid Oi, iv and v O ii, iv, v and vi ii and iii ii and viarrow_forwardViruses are considered non-living microbes, and yet they are responsible for many major disease outbreaks in humans, animals, and even plants. Consider the following: How are these non-living microbes able to reproduce without metabolic functions? Can viruses be exploited to help humans fight bacterial pathogens? Which viruses are able to stay dormant in the human body and reactivate later in life or when immune defenses are compromised? What impact might travel outside of the United States have in blood, tissue, or organ donation?arrow_forwardWhich of the following highly contagious viruses is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with a helical capsid and envelope and is transmitted by coming in contact with respiratory secretions? "This is a highly contagious respiratory illness transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes virus particles into the air," the health department said in a written statement. "It's so contagious that if one person is sick and spreading measles, nine out of 10 people around them who aren't immune will get it, too." Group of answer choices a. Measles b. Parvovirus c. Coxsackie virus A d. Rhinovirusarrow_forward
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