Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 11, Problem 4RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The replication and packaging of the segmented genome of the influenza virus and the consequences of genome segmentation for virus evolution.
Introduction:
The influenza virus comes under the family Orthomyxoviridae. The genome of these viruses are segmented and have negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid). The influenza viruses that infect humans are categorized into A, B, and C types. The type A influenza is serious and causes widespread outbreaks.
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Assume you isolate a single stranded (+) RNA virus. When you examine the proteins in the virus, you find that it does NOT contain replicase enzymes within its capsid. Which of the following is true?
This virus must have a gene that encodes replicase.
This virus will not be able to enter a host cell.
Its genome cannot be translated (the process of translation) by the host cell ribosomes.
A DNA copy of the viral genome has to be made before viral genes are expressed.
This virus must lack surface antigens.
what are the key contributors to and consequences of viral genome evolution, and why do RNA viruses evolve faster than DNA viruses?
Which biological system contains a protein nucleocapsid surrounding 2 antiparallel polynucleotide strands (held together by hydrogen bonds), with deoxyribose sugars, but no ribose sugars?
a single-stranded RNA viroid (like avocado sun blotch viroid)
a double-stranded RNA virus (like the reovirus family)
a single-stranded DNA virus (like fX174 virus of E. coli)
a double-stranded DNA virus (like the smallpox virus)
a single-stranded RNA virus (like tobacco mosaic virus)
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- Double-stranded RNA viruses, use the following polymerase for genome synthesis: A) viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. B) host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. C) viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. D) host cell RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.arrow_forwardYou are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.arrow_forwardRNA-dependent RNA polymerase performs which of the following functions? O 1) Uncoats the viral genome 2) transcribes retroviral RNA genomes into DNA 3) Replicates RNA into RNA O 4) Replicates DNA into RNA 5) Shuttles RNA genomes into the nucleus for assemblyarrow_forward
- Viruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.), which are synthesized through enzymatic dehydration reactions from building blocks and disassembled by enzymatic hydrolysis. They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…arrow_forwardHow many millions of bases are in the genome of the mimivirus or largest virus known?arrow_forwardWhat is the significance of the length of a typical viral genome?arrow_forward
- What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? a) It converts viral RNA into double-stranded DNA Ob) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands Oc) It translates viral RNA into proteins d) It uses viral DNA as a template for RNA synthesisarrow_forwardDescribe the natural history of the Rabies (taxon:11292) : host infectivity, transmission, symptomology Describe the genomic structure of the Rabies (taxon:11292)virus Baltimore Classification of Viruses What is the genome made of? What are the genes? How are they organized? Is the genome single stranded, double stranded, RNA, DNA and what does it mean to be + or - strand? Is it segmented and what does that mean?arrow_forwardA particular animal virus requires the use of DNA polymerase from its host, since it does not possess its own DNA polymerase enzyme. Which of the following assumptions in A-D would likely be correct regarding this virus? A) O This virus could not be a retrovirus type. B) OIt could be a (-) ss RNA virus. C) O It could be a (+) ss RNA virus. D) O The vVirus life cycle very likely includes going to the host cell nucleus. E) O All ofA-D are correct assumptions.arrow_forward
- A virus that has which type of genome must carry replicase within the viral particle? (choose all that apply) ds DNA ss (+) DNA ss (–) DNA ss (+) RNA ss (–) RNA Which viral type has a genome that can be directly translated? (choose all that apply) ds DNA ss (+) DNA ss (–) DNA ss (+) RNA ss (–) RNAarrow_forwardCompared with cells, what is unusual about viral genomes?arrow_forwardGiven that COVID19 has a single strand RNA for its genome, the number of rounds required to complete replicating 3 viable virus particles? a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 e) 9arrow_forward
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