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All Textbook Solutions for Physics: Principles with Applications
What are the merits and drawbacks of using a person's foot as a standard? Consider both(a) a particular person's foot, and (b) any person's foot keep in mind that it is advantageous that fundamental standards be accessible (easy to compare to), invariable (do not change), indestructible, and reproducible.2QWhy is it incorrect to think that the more digits you include in your answer, the more accurate it is?What is wrong with this road sign: Memphis 7 mi(11 .263 km)?For an answer to be complete, the units need to be specified. Why?6Q5. You measure the radius of a wheel to be 4.16 cm. If you multiply by 2 to get the diameter, should you write the result as 8 cm or as 8.32 cm? Justify your answer.
Express the sine of 30.0° with the correct number of significant figures.9QList assumptions useful to estimate the numbers of car mechanics in (a) San Francisco, (b) your hometown, and then make the estimates.The age of the universe is thought to be about 14 billion years. Assuming two significant figures, write this in powers of 10 in (a) years, (b) seconds.How many significant figures do each of the following numbers have: (a) 214, (b) 81.60, (c) 7.03, (d) 0.03, (e) 0.0086, (f)3236, and (g) 8700?Write the following numbers in powers of 10 notation: (a) 1.156, (b) 21.8, (c) 0.0068, (d) 328.65, (e) 0.219, and (f) 444.Write out the following numbers in full with the correct number of zeros: (a) 8.69104, (b) 9.1103, (c) 8.810-1, (d) 4.76102, and (e) 3.6210-5.5PWhat is the percent uncertainly in the measurement 5.48 0.25 m?6.(II) Time intervals measured with a stopwatch typically have an uncertainly of about 0.2s, due to human reaction time at the start and stop moments. What is the percent uncertainty of a hand-timed measurement of (a) 5.5s, (b) 55s, (c) 5.5min?
8PMultiply 3.079102 m by 0.068 10-1m, taking into account significant figures.10PWhat, roughly, is the percent uncertainty in the volume of a spherical beach ball of radius r=0.840.04 m?Write the following as full (decimal) numbers without prefixes on the units: (a) 286.6mm, (b) 85µV, (c) 760 mg. (d) 62.1 ps, (e) 22.5nm, (f)2.50 gigavolts.Express the following using the prefixes of Table 1-4 (a) 1106volts, (b) 210-6meters, (c) 6103 days, (d) 18102 bucks, and (e) 710-7 seconds.14P15P16P17P18P19P20P21P22P23P24PEstimate how many books can be shelved in a college library with 3500 m2 of floor space. Assume 8 shelves high, having books on both sides, with corridors 1.5m wide. Assume books are about the size of this one, on average.Estimate how many hours it would take to run (at 10 km/h) across the U.S from New York to California.27P28P29P30P31P(II) The speed v of an object is given by the equation v= At3 -Bt, Where t refers to time. (a) What are the dimensions of A and B? (b) What are the SI units for the constants A and B?
33P34GP35GP36GP37GP38GP39GP40GP41GP42GP43GP44GP45GP46GP47GP48GP49GP50GP51GP52GP53GP54GPDoes a car speedometer measure speed, velocity, or both? Explain.2QWhen an constant velocity, does its during any time interval differ from Its instantaneous velocity at any Instant? Explain.4Q5Q6Q7Q8QGive an example where both the velocity and acceleration are negative.
Two cars emerge side by side from a tunnel. Car A is traveling with speed of 60 km/h and has an acceleration of 40 km/h/min. Car B has a speed of 40 km/h and has an acceleration of 60 km/h/min. Which car is passing the other as they come out of the tunnel? Explain your reasoning.Can an object be increasing in speed as its acceleration decreases? If so, give an example. If not, explain.A baseball player hits a ball straight up into the air. It leaves the bat with a speed of 120 km/h. In the absence of air resistance, how fast would the ball be traveling when it is caught at the same height above the ground as it left the bat? Explain.As a freely falling object speeds up, what is happening to its acceleration-does it increase, decrease, or stay the same? (a) Ignore air resistance, (b) Consider air resistance.14QYou travel from point A to point B in a car moving at a constant speed of 70 km/h. Then you travel the same distance from point B to another point C, moving at a constant speed of 90 km/h. Is your average speed for the entire trip from A to C equal to 80 km/h? Explain why or why not.16Q17Q18Q19Q20QDescribe in words the motion plotted in Fig. 2-32 in terms of velocity, acceleration, etc. [Hint: First to duplicate the motion plotted by walking or moving your hand.]Describe in words the motion of the object graphed in Fig. 2-331P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15PA sports car accelerates from rest to 95 km/h in 4.3 s. What is its average acceleration in m/s2?17P18P19.(II) A sports car moving at constant velocity travels 120 m in 5.0s. If it then brakes and comes to a stop in 4.0 s, what is the magnitude of its acceleration (assumed constant) in m/s2, and in g’s (g=9.80m/s2)?
20P21P22P23P24P25P26P27P28P29P30P31P32P33P34P35P36P37P38P39P40P41P42P43P44P45P46P47P48P49P50P51P52P53P54P55P56P57GP58GP59GP60GP61GP62GP63GP64GP65GP66GP67GP68GP69GP70GP71GP72GP73GP74GP75GP76GP77GP78GP79GP80GP81GP82GP83GP84GP85GPOne car travels due east at 40 km/h, and a second car travels north at 40 km/h. Are their velocities equal? ExplainCan you conclude that a car is not accelerating if its speedometer indicates a steady 60 km/h? ExplainGive several examples of an object's motion in which a great distance is traveled but the displacement is zero.Can the displacement vector for a particle moving in two dimensions be longer than the length of path traveled by the particle over the same time interval? Can it be less? Discuss.During baseball practice, a player hits a very high fly ball and then runs in a straight line and catches it. Which had the greater displacement, the player or the ball? Explain.If V =V 1+V 2 , is V necessarily greater than V1, and/or V2? Discuss.Two vectors have length V1=3.5km and V2=4.0km . What are the maximum and minimum magnitudes of their vector sum?Can the magnitude of a vector ever (a) equal, or (b) be less than, one of its components?9QHow could you determine the speed a slingshot imparts to a rock, using only a meter stick, a rock, and the slingshot?11Q12Q13QA projectile is launched at an upward angle of 300 to the horizontal with a speed of 30 m/s. How does the horizontal component of its velocity 1.0 s after launch compare with its horizontal component of velocity 2.0 s after launch, ignoring air resistance? Explain.15QTwo cannonballs, A and B, are fired from the ground with identical initial speeds, but with larger than 6B. (a) Which cannonball reaches a higher elevation? (b) Which stays longer in the air? (c) Which travels farther? Explain.18. A person sitting in an enclosed train car, moving at constant velocity, throws a ball straight up into the air in her reference frame. (a) Where does the ball land? What is your answer if the car (b) accelerates, (c) decelerates, (d) rounds a curve, (e) moves with constant velocity but is open to the air?
18Q19Q20QA car is driven 225 km west and then 98 km southwest (45º). What is the displacement of the car from the point of origin (magnitude and direction)? Draw a diagram.A delivery truck travels 21 blocks north, 16 blocks east, and 26 blocks south. What is its final displacement from the origin? Assume the blocks are equal length.If Vx=9.80 units and Vy=6.40 units, determine the magnitude and direction of V .Graphically determine the resultant of the following three vector displacements: (1) 24 m, 36° north of east; (2) 18 m, 37° east of north; and (3) 26 m, 33° west of south.V is a vector 24.8 units in magnitude and points at an angle of 23.4° above the negative axis, (a) Sketch this vector, (b) Calculate Vxand Vy. (c) Use Vxand Vy.andVy to obtain (again) the magnitude and direction of V [Note: Part (c) is a good way to check if you've resolved your vector correctly.]Vector V is 6.6 using long and points along the negative x axis. Vector V 2 is 8.5 units long and points at +55 to the positive x axis. (a) What are the x any y components of each vector? (b) Determine the sum V 1+ V 2 (magnitude and angle.)Figure 3-33 shows two vectors, A and B , whose magnitudes are A=6.8 units and B=5.5 units. Determine C if (a) C =A +B , (b) C =A B , (c) C =B A . Give the magnitude and direction for each. y Figure 3-33 Problem 7.8PThree vectors are shown in Fig. 3-35 Q. Their magnitudes are given in arbitrary units. Determine the sum of the three vectors. Give the resultant in terms of (a) components, (b) magnitude and angle with the + x axis. Figure 3—35 Problems 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Vector magnitudes are given in arbitrary units.(a) given the vectors A and B shown in Fig. 3-35, determine BA . (b) Determine AB without using your answer in (a) then compare your results and see if they are opposite.Determine the vector AC , given the vectors A and C in Fig. 3-35For the vectors shown in Fig. 3—35, determine (a) B3A , (b) 2A3B+3C13P14P15P16P17P17. (l) A tiger leaps horizontally from a 7.5-m-high rock with a speed of 3.0 m/s. How far from the base of the rock will she land?18. (l) A diver running 2.5 m/s dives out horizontally from the edge of a vertical cliff and 3.0 s later reaches the water below. How high was the cliff and how far from its base did the diver hit the water?
20P21P22P23P24P25P26P27P28P29P30P31P32P33P34P35P36P37P38P39P40P41P42P43P44P45P46P47P48P49P50P51P52P53GP54GP55GP56GP57GP58GP59GP60GP61GP62GP63GP64GP65GP66GP67GP68GP69GP70GP71GP72GP73GP74GP75GPWhy does a child in a wagon seem to fall backward when you give the wagon a sharp pull forward?A box rests on the (frictionless) bed of a truck. The truck driver starts the truck and accelerates forward. The box immediately starts to slide toward the rear of the truck bed. Discuss the motion of the box, in terms of Newton’s laws, as seen (a) by Mary standing on the ground beside the truck, and (b) by Chris who is riding on the truck (Fig.4-35).3QIf the acceleration of an object is zero, are no forces acting on it? Explain.5Q6Q7Q(a) Why do you push down harder on the pedals of a bicycle when first starting out than when moving at constant speed? (b) Why do you need to pedal at all when cycling at constant speed?9Q10Q11Q12Q13Q14Q15Q16Q17Q18QA block is given a brief push so that it slides up a ramp. After the block reaches its highest point, it slides back down, but the magnitude of its acceleration is less on the descent than on the ascent. Why?20Q21QWhat force is needed to accelerate a sled (mass = 55 kg) at 1.4 m/s2 on horizontal frictionless ice?2PHow much tension must a rope withstand if it is used to accelerate a 1210-kg car horizontally along a frictionless surface at 1.20 m/s2?According to a simplified model of a mammalian heart, at each pulse approximately 20 g of blood is accelerated from 0.25 m/s to 0.35 m/s during a period of 0.10 s. What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the heart muscle?Superman must stop a 120-km/h train in 150 m to keep it from hitting a stalled car on the tracks. If the train's mass is 3.6 x 105 kg, how much force must he exert? Compare to the weight of the train (give as %). How much force does the train exert on Superman?A person has a reasonable chance of surviving an automobile crash if the deceleration is no more than 30 g’s. Calculate the force on a 65-kg person accelerating at this rate. What distance is traveled if brought to rest at this rate from 95 km/h?What average force is required to stop a 950-kg car in 8.0 s if the car is traveling at 95 km/h?8P9P10P11P12P13P