Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9.2, Problem 11ELO
11. Describe the genetic code, codons, and anticodons, and how they relate to one another.
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2. What is the relationship between a codon and an anticodon?
4. Mark the following statements about the genetic code as TRUE or FALSE:
The genetic code is completely universal.
One amino acid can be specified by more than one codon.
Each codon can specify multiple amino acids.
Each codon is 3 nucleotides long, yielding 64 different codons.
There are three different "stop" codons each coding for a termination amino acid.
For each false statement in # 4, explain why it is false.
1. How many codons are there in the Original DNA sequence?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 9.1 - 1. Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene,...Ch. 9.1 - 2. Compare the basic nature of genetic material in...Ch. 9.1 - 3. Explain how DNA is organized and packaged.Ch. 9.1 - 4. Describe the chemical structure of DNA and Its...Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 5ELOCh. 9.1 - 6. Describe the process of DNA replication as it...Ch. 9.1 - 1. Compare the genetic material of eukaryotes,...Ch. 9.1 - 2. Characterize the organization of genetic...Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 9.1 - 4. What are the fundamental building blocks of DNA...
Ch. 9.1 - 5. Describe what is meant by the antiparallel...Ch. 9.1 - 6. Explain the synthesis of the leading and...Ch. 9.1 - 7. Name several characteristics of DNA structure...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 7ELOCh. 9.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 9.2 - 9. Describe the different types of RNA and their...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 9.2 - 11. Describe the genetic code, codons, and...Ch. 9.2 - 12. Recount the participants and steps in...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 13ELOCh. 9.2 - 8. How is the language of a gene expressed?Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 9CYPCh. 9.2 - 10. Construct a table that compares the structure...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 9.2 - Prob. 12CYPCh. 9.2 - Prob. 13CYPCh. 9.2 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 9.2 - 15. Briefly describe the events in translation.Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 9.2 - 17. Summarize how bacterial and eukaryotic cells...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 18CYPCh. 9.3 - 14. Explain the functions of operons in bacterial...Ch. 9.3 - 15. Describe the main features of the lactose...Ch. 9.3 - 16. Describe the main features of repressible...Ch. 9.3 - 17. Summarize some aspects of genetic control by...Ch. 9.3 - 19. What is an operon? Describe the functions of...Ch. 9.3 - 20. Compare and contrast the lac operon and...Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 21CYPCh. 9.3 - 22. At which levels of DNA regulation do small...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 9.4 - Summarize the causes and types of mutations and...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 20ELOCh. 9.4 - Compare beneficial and detrimental effects of...Ch. 9.4 - Explain what is meant by the terms mutation and...Ch. 9.4 - Describe the primary causes, types, and outcomes...Ch. 9.4 - Explain the purposes behind replica plating and...Ch. 9.5 - Explain recombination in bacteria and what it...Ch. 9.5 - Describe the main features of conjugation and its...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 24ELOCh. 9.5 - Identify the basic processes involved in...Ch. 9.5 - Discuss transposons and their importance to...Ch. 9.5 - Compare conjugation, transformation, and...Ch. 9.5 - Explain the differences between general and...Ch. 9.5 - By means of a flowchart, show the possible jumps...Ch. 9.6 - Explain the major elements of viral genetics.Ch. 9.6 - Compare aspects of the genetics of DNA and RNA...Ch. 9.6 - Explain why some viruses must enter the nucleus to...Ch. 9.6 - Explain the difference between positive-strand and...Ch. 9.6 - Outline the basic steps in the replication cycles...Ch. 9.L1 - What is the smallest unit of heredity (genotype)?...Ch. 9.L1 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 9.L1 - The nitrogen bases in DNA are bonded to the a....Ch. 9.L1 - DNA replication is considered semiconservative...Ch. 9.L1 - In DNA, adenine is the complementary base for...Ch. 9.L1 - The base pairs are held together primarily by a....Ch. 9.L1 - Why must the lagging strand of DNA be replicated...Ch. 9.L1 - Messenger RNA is formed by _______ of a gene on...Ch. 9.L1 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 13MCQCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 14MCQCh. 9.L1 - Which genetic material could be transmitted...Ch. 9.L1 - Prob. 16MCQCh. 9.L1 - Which of the following is present in prokaryotes...Ch. 9.L1 - Multiple Matching. Fill in the blanks with all the...Ch. 9.L1 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 2CSRCh. 9.L1 - Explain how it would be possible for A. baumannii...Ch. 9.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 9.L1 - Prob. 2WCCh. 9.L1 - The following sequence represents triplets on DNA:...Ch. 9.L1 - Describe the actions οf all of the enzymes...Ch. 9.L1 - Prob. 5WCCh. 9.L1 - Examine the following series of words and identify...Ch. 9.L2 - Knowing that retroviruses operate on the principle...Ch. 9.L2 - Using the piece of DNA in writing-challenge...Ch. 9.L2 - Why will a mistake in the RNA code alone not...Ch. 9.L2 - The enzymes required to carry out transcription...Ch. 9.L2 - Prob. 5CTCh. 9.L2 - Activation, transcription, and translation of the...Ch. 9.L2 - Explain the mechanisms by which RNA can control...Ch. 9.L2 - Ex�Ιain how epigenetics is related to the...Ch. 9.L2 - Use the concepts of chapters, letters, a whole...Ch. 9.L2 - From figure 9.17, step 3. Label each part of the...Ch. 9.L2 - Examine figure 8.11, and explain which type of...
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- 15. The following is a list of some mRNA codons representing various amino acids. Met-AUG, Pro - CCC, Phe-UUU, Gly - GGC, GGU Leu - CUA, Arg - CGA, CGG Ser - UCU, Asp - AAU Thr-ACC, Val - GUA His - CAC A portion of a strand of DNA contains the following nucleotide sequence: 5'... AAA GAT TAC CAT GGG CCG GCT...3' (a) What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from it? (b) What is the amino acid sequence of this partially-synthesized protein? Cur or (c) What is the amino acid sequence if, during transcription, the third G on the left in the DNA is read as T? beri (d) What is the amino acid sequence if, during translation, the first two Us of the mRNA are not read and the fourth C from the left in the mRNA is not read or is deleted?arrow_forward16. Which of the following is a characteristic of the genetic code? a. codons and anticodons consist of three bases b. each amino acid is represented by at least one codon C. one or more codons serve to indicate when protein synthesis is to stop d. no individual codons represent more than one amino acid e. More than one response is correctarrow_forward1. Identify the name of the correct amino acid that corresponds to the correct tRNA codon and mRNA codon. State the process used to convert to mRNA and tRNA.arrow_forward
- 12. The following codons and the amino acids they encode is as follows: AUG = Met UUU, UUC = Phe UUA, UUG = Leu UCU, UCC = Ser CCU, CCC = Pro ACU, ACC = Thr %3D %3D The 5' - ACU-UUC-ACU-AUG-UUU-UUA-UCC-UCC-ACU-CCU-UGA-3' MRNA transcript results in a polypeptide. (a) Give the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of the polypeptide. (3) (b) Give the sequence of nucleotides corresponding to this transcript in: (i) the DNA strand that was read to produce the MRNA (5) (ii) the DNA strand that was NOT read (the coding strand) (5) (c) How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases would be used in the synthesis of this polypeptide? (1) (d) Name TWO characteristics of the genetic code that are evident in the data given in the question. (2)arrow_forward3. List the sequences for the "stop" codons.arrow_forward16. The process of attaching biological functions to DNA sequences is called?arrow_forward
- 2. "Build" the mRNA molecule matching the RNA nucleotides to the DNA nucleotides properly, letter by letter.arrow_forward5. What are the different types of RNA and their contributions to the process of Protein Synthesis?arrow_forward7. Although DNA gets all the glory, it’s actually RNA that does most of the work when cells produce proteins. Explain how RNA is involved in gene expression (i.e., in transcription and translation).arrow_forward
- 11. Transcription is the flow of information from: a) DNAàDNA b) DNAà mRNA c) mRNAà polypeptide d) polypeptideà amino acidsarrow_forward9. Which of the following mutations would be least detrimental to the function of a protein and why? 1) Silent; 2) Frameshift; 3) Deletion of two nucleotides; 4) Nonsense; 5) Missense. dreenn етarrow_forward1. What are the types and major functions for each type of RNA? 2. Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first to make protein from DNA? 3. In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA?arrow_forward
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