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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
2. "Build" the mRNA molecule matching the RNA
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What is the tRNA triplets codon that would fit the
mRNA-
5' AUG AUC UAU GGG CCA AUU GCA UGA 3'
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- 1. Build the mRNA molecule matching the RNA nucleotides to the DNA nucleotides properly letter by letter. (assume that the mRNA is bacterial there are not intros to cut out) 2. Figure out the tRNA triplet (codons) that would fit the mRNA triplets. (letter by letter) 3. Look up for each tRNA codon and find the corresponding symbol and amino acid abbreviations. The symbols should spell out a meaningful English message.3. The DNA sequence of a gene coding for a short polypeptide is TACGCTAGGCGATIGACT. What would be the base sequence of the mRNA transcribed from this gene? Using the genetic code table provided, give the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide translated from this mRNA. (Hint: transcribe the DNA into RNA then translate the RNA into an amino acid!) First letter U $ 4 C U UUU UUC J UUA UUGJ CUU CUC CUA CUG G Phe Leu Leu AUU AUC lle A AUA AUG Met GUU GUC GUA GUG UCU UCC UCA UCG Val Second letter C CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG 5 B de LO % Ser Pro Thr T Ala A CAC His CAA CAG} Gin UA COCO Tyr UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp G AAU {U} Asn AAC AAA GAUT GACJ GAAT GAGJ I Asp Glu G UGU Cys UGC. 6 CGU CGC CGA CGG AAG LYS AGA Arg AGGJ AGU AGC. GGU GGC GGA GGG IC Arg Ser Gly U Y SYSC U GYSC с SCAO U G MCAO Third letter => & 7 U 8 BEEEEEEE 91. Identify the name of the correct amino acid that corresponds to the correct tRNA codon and mRNA codon. State the process used to convert to mRNA and tRNA.
- 1. What mRNA sequence does the following DNA template sequence produce? DNA 3'-TAC mRNA: 5¹- GTATAATTGACATTTGATCTTATGACT-5' Write out the one letter code for this peptide then produced by this mRNA upon translation: peptide: N- -3'1. What is the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA transcribed from the template DNA strand: 3’-GCTACAAAAAGTCCATAATCGC-5’? Indicate the 5’ and 3’ ends. Follow the same format as the given sequence. 2. If the mRNA sequence you obtained in question 2 were to be translated, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the peptide? Use the 3-letter code of the amino acids. Separate the amino acids with a dash (-). NO NEED to indicate the N- and C-terminal amino acids. Assumption is that the first amino acid is the N-terminal. 3. If the mRNA sequence you obtained in question 2 were to be translated, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the peptide? Use the 3-letter code of the amino acids. Separate the amino acids with a dash (-). NO NEED to indicate the N- and C-terminal amino acids. The assumption is that the first amino acid is the N-terminal.6. How many amino acids will the mRNA sequence "AUG GÁC CUG UCG UGA" produce? (LS1-1) * Second mRNA base G UUU Phe UUC UCU UAU UGU Tyr UAC Cys UCC Ser UCA UGC C Phe Gly (G) Leu UAA Stop UGA Stop A Glu (F) (L) UUA Leu UUG Ser Asp (E) (D) (S) Tyr (Y) UCG UAG Stop UGG Trp GUC Ala CUU (A) A CCU CAU CGU His CUC Leu CUA CC Pro ССА CAC CGC Arg CGA Cys (C) Val CAA Gln CAG G U (V) G Trp (W) CUG CCG CGG Arg (R) G U A C A C Leu AUU ACU AAU Asn AGU Ser AGC (L) Ser (S) C AUC Ile ACC AAC Thr Lys (K) UG A AUA Pro AGA Arg AGG ACA AAA Lys AAG Asn (N) (P) AUG Met or start ACG His Thr (H) (T) Gln GUU GCU GAU Asp GAÇ GGU (Q) lle Arg (R) (1) GUC Val GUA GCC Ala GCA GGC Gly GGA GAA Glu OGAG GUG GCG GGG O 1 3 4 First mRNA base (5' end of codon) - U A GUca Gbc AG Third mRNA base (3' end of codon)
- 1. What is the nucleotide sequence of the complementary strand of the DNA molecule: 5’-AATGCGATCTTCAT-3’?2. What is the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA transcribed from the template DNA strand: 3’-GCTACAAAAAGTCCATAATCGC-5’? Indicate the 5’ and 3’ ends.3. If the mRNA sequence you obtained in question 2 were to be translated, what would be the sequence of amino acids? Indicate the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids.1. A portion of the template strand of a DNA molecule that codes for the 5'-end of an mRNA has the following nucleotide sequence. Give the primary structure of the polypeptide (use 3-letter amino acid codes), beginning with the most common translation initiation codon, that will be specified by this portion of the gene. Be sure to label the ends of the polypeptide. 3'-TTTTACGGGAATTAGAGTCGCAGGATG-5'1. Using the genetic code, determine the sequence of amino acids encoded by the mRNA codocn sequence 5' GCC-AUG-GUA-AAA-UGC-GAC-CCC 3' 2. Using the genetic code, determine the sequence of amino acids encoded by the mRNA codocn sequence 5' CAU-CCU-CAC-ACU-GUU-UGU-UGG 3'
- 1. Considering the following nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule: 5’ AUG UUA CGU AAU GCU GUC GAA UCU AUU UGC UUU ACA UAA 3' d) Write the amino acid sequence of the peptide synthesized from the given mRNA nucleotide sequence. e) Draw the structure of the pertide fragment made up of the first five (5) amino acids in the given polypeptide.8. Now that you have mature mRNA and it has exited the nucleus and entered the cytosol, it is time to transcribe the mRNA. You may use the abbreviations for the amino acids found in page 154 of your textbook C C G A T C C A DNA C T A C MRNA Peptide chain TI26. Using the following DNA strand, write out the mRNA, and then the amino acids. DNA: 3' T- A- C- A- A- G- T- A- C- T- T- G- T- T- T- C- T- T- A- A- A 5' A LIGUULAUGAOLAAAGAAUUL Phe- MRNA: Amino Acids: met Phe- met Asme -LyS- G la- 27. Suppose the two guanosine (G) nucleotides in3 above were changed to two cytosine (C) nucleotides. What is the new amino acid chain? 28. Suppose the two guanosine (G) nucleotides in #3 were removed from the DNA strand. How would this mutation affect the amino acid chain? Write out the new amino acid chain.