Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 6.4, Problem 2TQ
Summary Introduction
To review :
Evolution of resistance against the CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) host defense in the phage.
Introduction:
CRISPR is an immune system possessed by the bacteria. This is an adaptive defense system against viruses. It is analogous to the adaptive immunity present in humans. It involves short DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence which is homologous to the DNA of phages that could infect the cell. These sequences are termed as CRISPR.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- The bacteriophage genome consists of many genes encoding proteins that make up the head, collar, tail, and tail fibers. When these genes are transcribed following phage infection, how are these proteins synthesized, since the phage genome lacks genes essential to ribosome structure?arrow_forwardHow was it experimentally proven that the spacer sequences in the CRISPR locus were the elements responsible for resistance to phage infection?arrow_forwardThe size of a DNA fragment that can be inserted into an unmodified λ vector is very limited. Large segment in the central region of the λ DNA molecule can be removed without affecting the ability of the phage to infect Escherichia coli cells. However, the deletion of this non- essential region does affect the life cycle of the bacteriophage. Explain this statement.arrow_forward
- Does CRISPR CAS9 as a defense in bacteria only work for double stranded viral DNA? or any type of stranded DNA/RNA?arrow_forwardWhy was the type II CRISPR-Cas9 system of S. pyogenes selected by several scientists as a model to learn how the CRISPR-Cas mechanism works?arrow_forwardIn a study, bacterial culture of E. coli was infected with bacteriophage. How- ever, these cultures were protected from phage infection. Interestingly, it was found that the resistance is due to endonudeases present in E. coli, which deaved the phage DNA. How is the E. coli genomic DNA protected from the action of these endonuclease enzymes?arrow_forward
- Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalised transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella typhimurium donor strains described in the table below. The resulting phage lysates were then used to infect the recipient strains of S. typhimurium recipient strains listed in the table. In each cross, a phenotype was selected for one of the selected for one of the three genetic markers studied (str, aceA, thrA), and were made to select the recombinants corresponding to the other two markers. markers. The results are given in the following table: Strain I donor str thrA aceA thrA str aceA+ Strain recipient strs thrA+ aceA thrA str aceA Phenotype selected Str Ace+ Str recombinants selected ThrA ThrA ThrA ThrA Ace Ace Number 60 40 95 5 10 90 str: gene involved in streptomycin resistance, aceA: gene involved in the use of acetate as a carbon source, thrA: gene involved in threonine biosynthesis. 1) What are the selective media used in these three transduction experiments? to obtain the selected…arrow_forwardThe figure above shows a schematic of genes and transcription control elements from phage λ. Use this figure as an aid to help you describe the molecular events involved in: a) The establishment of lysogeny b) The establishment of a lytic life cyclearrow_forwardWith regard to the CRISPR-Cas system that defends bacteriaagainst bacteriophage attack, what happens during the adaptation,expression, and interference phases? When a bacterium is exposed toa particular bacteriophage, is the adaptation phase always necessary?arrow_forward
- A microbial geneticist isolates a new mutation in E. coliand wishes to map its chromosomal location. She usesinterrupted-mating experiments with Hfr strains andgeneralized-transduction experiments with phage P1.Explain why each technique, by itself, is insufficient foraccurate mapping.arrow_forwardIn the publication that provided the first evidence of CRISPRCasas an adaptive immune system [Barrangou, R., et al. (2007).Science. 315:1709–1712], the authors state that CRISPR-Cas“provides a historical perspective of phage exposure, as well asa predictive tool for phage sensitivity.” Explain how this is trueusing what you know about the CRISPR locus.arrow_forwardwhen various strains of lambda phage are seeded on a lawn of e.coli, they can form clear or turbid plaques. Explain the difference between the two types of plaques. can all bacteriophage form clear and turbid plaques?arrow_forward
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