Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 7bCP
List five blood-borne energy carriers and explain, in general terms, how these are used as sources of energy.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 5 - Define the term glycolysis in terms of its initial...Ch. 5 - What are the initial substrates and final products...Ch. 5 - Describe the physiological functions of lactic...Ch. 5 - Compare the fate of pyruvate in aerobic and...Ch. 5 - Draw a simplified citric acid cycle and indicate...Ch. 5 - Explain how NADH and FADH2 contribute to oxidative...Ch. 5 - Explain how ATP is produced in oxidative...Ch. 5 - Describe glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, and...Ch. 5 - Explain the significance of gluconeogenesis and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 6aCP
Ch. 5 - Prob. 6bCPCh. 5 - Describe transamination and deamination and...Ch. 5 - List five blood-borne energy carriers and explain,...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1RACh. 5 - In anaerobic metabolism, the oxidizing agent for...Ch. 5 - When skeletal muscles lack sufficient oxygen,...Ch. 5 - The conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid...Ch. 5 - Which of these statements about the oxygen in the...Ch. 5 - In terms of the number of ATP molecules directly...Ch. 5 - Ketone bodies are derived from
Ch. 5 - Prob. 8RACh. 5 - The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to free...Ch. 5 - The formation of glucose from pyruvic acid derived...Ch. 5 - Which of these organs has an almost absolute...Ch. 5 - When amino acids are used as an energy source,
Ch. 5 - Intermediates formed during fatty acid metabolism...Ch. 5 - State the advantages and disadvantages of the...Ch. 5 - What purpose is served by the formation of lactic...Ch. 5 - Describe the effect of cyanide on oxidative...Ch. 5 - Describe the metabolic pathway by which glucose...Ch. 5 - Prob. 18RACh. 5 - Explain how energy is obtained from the metabolism...Ch. 5 - Prob. 20RACh. 5 - Why is the production of lactic acid termed a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 22RACh. 5 - What three molecules serve as the major substrates...Ch. 5 - A friend, wanting to lose weight, eliminates all...Ch. 5 - Suppose a drug is developed that promotes the...Ch. 5 - For many years, the total number of molecules of...Ch. 5 - People who are starving have very thin arms and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 28RACh. 5 - Prob. 29RACh. 5 - Prob. 30RACh. 5 - Prob. 31RACh. 5 - Prob. 32RACh. 5 - Prob. 33RA
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- Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.arrow_forwardHemoglobin glycation (so named to distinguish it from glycosylation, which is the enzymatic transfer of glucose to a protein) is a non-enzymatic process that involves reaction of the N-terminal amino group of hemoglobin and glucose. The amount of glycated hemoglobin (GHB) is usually about 5% of total hemoglobin (and corresponds to a blood glucose concentration of 120 mg/100 mL). However, in people with untreated diabetes this value may be as high as 13%, which indicates an average blood level of about 300 mg/100 mL -dangerously high. One of the aims of insulin therapy is to maintain GHB values of about 7%. Draw a possible chemical scheme for the glycation of hemoglobin.arrow_forwardIn NOT MORE than 350 words, distinguish between the metabolic concepts presented by the terms: i. fed state, ii. fasted state/in-between meals, and iii. extended fasting/starvation. Your response should highlight the energy status of cells under these conditions, preferred fuels, predominant metabolic pathways, and hormonal effects on cellular processes.arrow_forward
- In the three different energy systems, name the energy compounds, and which systems are stressed during exercise of different intensitiesarrow_forwardhGH is an important part of fat metabolism, muscle development, and bone growth. Synthetic hGH can be used to treat children and adults suffering from hGH deficiency. More recently, competitive athletes have began taking hGH in an attempt to improve athletic performance. The use of hGH for athletics is banned by many major sporting organizations. A recent study of 44 athletes who took daily injections of hGH over 20 days showed that, on average, the athletes gained 4.2 lbs of muscle, but the gain in muscle did not translate to increased athletic performance.Evaluate each statement regarding the use of hGH by competitive athletes to determine whether the statement is an example of an ethical, economical, societal, or environmental issue. Athletes who play professional sports should be encouraged to take synthetic hormones to improve performance because their job is to win. Athletes who took hGH did not improve their sport performance but did improve their appearance and marketability.…arrow_forwardDescribe where the following nutrient molecules enter the metabolic pathway of cellular respiration: glucose, the breakdown products of triglycerides, and amino acids.arrow_forward
- Endurance athletes sometimes follow the exercise-and-diet plan described here: 7 days before an event, do exhaustive exercises so as to all but deplete glycogen stores. For the next 2 to 3 days, consume few carbohydrates and do moderate- to low- intensity exercises. Finally, 3 to 4 days before the event, consume a diet rich in carbohydrates. Explain the benefits of this regime.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding glucose is NOT true? a.)Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar b.)Glucose can be metabolized by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism c.)The normal blood glucose concentration is 4-7 mmol/l d.)A high blood glucose concentration is called hypoglycemiaarrow_forwardWhat is the significance of metabolic flux?arrow_forward
- Consider a 96 kg adult, who is overweight. Weight loss would improve their general health and wellbeing. If 35 % of the body mass of this 96 kg adult consists of TGs (in adipose tissue), what is the total available fuel reserve, in kJ and kcal, in the form of TGs? Assume energy value of TGs = 37.4 kJ/g 1 kJ = 0.239 kcalarrow_forwardIntermediary carriers are in a limited supply: When they cannot be recycled because of a metabolic block, serious consequences ensue. Think of some examples of these consequences.arrow_forwardHemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose are converted to glycated products. The glycated product used to measure blood glucose control in diabetics is hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contained in red blood cells that last around 3 months. In general terms, explain how HbA1C forms and why it is a useful marker for blood glucose control.arrow_forward
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