Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 5, Problem 6aCP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The flow chart of the
Introduction:
Energy is necessary for all cells to perform their function properly. Energy is obtained from glucose or other molecules in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The body receives glucose from food, and ATP concentration rises in the blood. Cells cannot store extra energy in the form of ATP, hence, in this case,
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Under aerobic conditions of high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as pyruvate is utilized for its
carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver?
Select all that apply.
**Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location
of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation.
Glucose C-2 and C-5
Glucose C-1 and C-6
Glucose C-2 only
Pyruvate C-1
Lactate C-2 for export
CO, from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel
Label is halved over many TCA cycles
Oxaloacetate
Malate
Under aerobic conditions of high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as pyruvate is utilized for its
carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver?
Select all that apply.
**Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location
of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation.
O Glucose C-2 and C-5
O Glucose C-1 and C-6
O Glucose C-2 only
Pyruvate C-1
Lactate C-2 for export
O CO2 from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel
Label is halved over many TCA cycles
Oxaloacetate
O Malate
Glycolysis occurs in two stages. Describe what is accomplished in each stage.
Chapter 5 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 5 - Define the term glycolysis in terms of its initial...Ch. 5 - What are the initial substrates and final products...Ch. 5 - Describe the physiological functions of lactic...Ch. 5 - Compare the fate of pyruvate in aerobic and...Ch. 5 - Draw a simplified citric acid cycle and indicate...Ch. 5 - Explain how NADH and FADH2 contribute to oxidative...Ch. 5 - Explain how ATP is produced in oxidative...Ch. 5 - Describe glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, and...Ch. 5 - Explain the significance of gluconeogenesis and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 6aCP
Ch. 5 - Prob. 6bCPCh. 5 - Describe transamination and deamination and...Ch. 5 - List five blood-borne energy carriers and explain,...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1RACh. 5 - In anaerobic metabolism, the oxidizing agent for...Ch. 5 - When skeletal muscles lack sufficient oxygen,...Ch. 5 - The conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid...Ch. 5 - Which of these statements about the oxygen in the...Ch. 5 - In terms of the number of ATP molecules directly...Ch. 5 - Ketone bodies are derived from
Ch. 5 - Prob. 8RACh. 5 - The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to free...Ch. 5 - The formation of glucose from pyruvic acid derived...Ch. 5 - Which of these organs has an almost absolute...Ch. 5 - When amino acids are used as an energy source,
Ch. 5 - Intermediates formed during fatty acid metabolism...Ch. 5 - State the advantages and disadvantages of the...Ch. 5 - What purpose is served by the formation of lactic...Ch. 5 - Describe the effect of cyanide on oxidative...Ch. 5 - Describe the metabolic pathway by which glucose...Ch. 5 - Prob. 18RACh. 5 - Explain how energy is obtained from the metabolism...Ch. 5 - Prob. 20RACh. 5 - Why is the production of lactic acid termed a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 22RACh. 5 - What three molecules serve as the major substrates...Ch. 5 - A friend, wanting to lose weight, eliminates all...Ch. 5 - Suppose a drug is developed that promotes the...Ch. 5 - For many years, the total number of molecules of...Ch. 5 - People who are starving have very thin arms and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 28RACh. 5 - Prob. 29RACh. 5 - Prob. 30RACh. 5 - Prob. 31RACh. 5 - Prob. 32RACh. 5 - Prob. 33RA
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- Indicate the following where the tissue(s) for the metabolic pathway takes place: Glycogenesis Lipogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Gluconeogenesisarrow_forwardUnder aerobic conditions of high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. 1. Glucose C2 & C5 2. Glucose C1 & C6 3. Glucose C2 only 4. Pyruvate C1 5. Lactate C2 for export 6.CO2 from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel 7. Label is halved over many TCA cycles 8. Oxaloacetate 9. Malatearrow_forwardFor the two conditions below regarding Glycogenolysis, please explain how glucose release would be affected. Would there be an increased, decrease, or no change compared to “normal” conditions? Also explain which enzyme or reaction is affected and why. Condition 1: the debranching enzyme is inhibited Condition 2: free inorganic phosphate is chelatedarrow_forward
- Sort the following metabolic enzymes according to those involved only in glycolysis and those involved only in gluconeogenesis. (Note: Some of the enzymes may not be used.) Items (10 items) (Drag and drop into the appropriate area below) Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase- 1 Categories Phosphoglycerat e kinase Aldolase Glycolysis Only Pyruvate kinase Enolase Gluconeogenesis Only Phosphofructoki nase-1 Phosphoenol uvate carboxykinasarrow_forwardAn individual goes in to get their blood work results for their enzyme deficiency in glycolysis. Based on the results, provide an explanation of which enzymes are deficient in the individual? Blood Glucose levels are normal *Glucose-6 phosphate, *fructose-6 phosphate, *fructose-1,6 biphosphate, *glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate, *1,3-biphosphoglycerate, and *phosphoenolpyruvate levels are ALL increased Pyruvate, ATP, and RBC concentration are all at a decreased levelarrow_forwardUpon digestion of starch, isomaltose (an isomer of maltose), one of its degradation products, is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 4 molecules of isomaltose considering the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. Answer the following items using numerical value only (e.g. 1, not "1 ATP") which will help you arrive at the final answer for this question. a. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis: b. Total number of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis: c. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: d. Total number of CO, released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction: e. Total number of acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle:arrow_forward
- Outline the chemical reactions involved in the process of metabolism of one molecule of glucose until it is reduced to its by-products, carbon dioxide and water molecules, with ATP molecules produced in the process. Mention the specific locations in the cell where these chemical reactions involved in glucose metabolism take placearrow_forwardFor each of the following conditions, state whether this condition would be occurring during gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, or both in liver cells. a. Transporting malate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ b. Transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ c. We would have an increased (or increasing) concentration of F26BP. __________ d. Increased concentration of F6P.__________ e. Hexokinase IV (or glucokinase) is found in the nucleus of the cell. __________ f. The enzyme that synthesizes/breaks down F26BP is phosphorylated. __________ g. Elevated levels of glucagon in the blood. ____________arrow_forwardArrange the following steps in the catabolism of carbohydrates in the orderby which they occur: the electron transport chain, the conversion of glucose to acetyl CoA, the hydrolysis of starch, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle.arrow_forward
- Arrange the following pathways in order of their occurrence as source of energy for the body during fasting and starvation: 1. glycogenolysis 2. lipid catabolism 3. gluconeogenesis 4. ketogenesisarrow_forwardUnder aerobic conditions when glucose is limiting, with high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as carbon-2 radiolabeled pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. Glucose C-2 only Label is halved over many TCA cycles Oxaloacetate Glucose C-1 and C-6 Glucose C-2 and C-5 CO2 from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel Lactate C-2 for export Malate Pyruvate C-1arrow_forwardThe first step in glycolysis can be catalyzed by both hexokinase and glucokinase. Describe two differences between these enzymes.arrow_forward
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