Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 5, Problem 33RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The number of ATP molecules produced by oxidative phosphorylation when the twenty-carbon-long fatty acid is completely metabolized.
Introduction:
Breakdown of triglycerides produces fatty acids and glycerol molecules. The fatty acids are used for
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Answer the following:
This type of lipid is a complex mixture of esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and long-chain alcohols.
The reduced cofactor important in the TCA cycle and used in the last part of respiration.
Molecule that attaches to myosin and actin during muscle contraction.
Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences only (This is all about Energy System Glycolytic System: Anaerobic-Lactic Acid System (LA).
A. What is the name of the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis that can lead to muscle fatigue?
B. Why does this by-product cause muscle fatigue?
Fatty acids are stored in adipose tissue, as triacylglycerol (TAG) forms. TAGs are degraded as glycerol and fatty acids where energy is required. Based on that knowledge explain:
How these products are used in the adipose, liver, and other tissue?
Why glycerol can not be metabolized in adipose tissue?
Chapter 5 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 5 - Define the term glycolysis in terms of its initial...Ch. 5 - What are the initial substrates and final products...Ch. 5 - Describe the physiological functions of lactic...Ch. 5 - Compare the fate of pyruvate in aerobic and...Ch. 5 - Draw a simplified citric acid cycle and indicate...Ch. 5 - Explain how NADH and FADH2 contribute to oxidative...Ch. 5 - Explain how ATP is produced in oxidative...Ch. 5 - Describe glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, and...Ch. 5 - Explain the significance of gluconeogenesis and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 6aCP
Ch. 5 - Prob. 6bCPCh. 5 - Describe transamination and deamination and...Ch. 5 - List five blood-borne energy carriers and explain,...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1RACh. 5 - In anaerobic metabolism, the oxidizing agent for...Ch. 5 - When skeletal muscles lack sufficient oxygen,...Ch. 5 - The conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid...Ch. 5 - Which of these statements about the oxygen in the...Ch. 5 - In terms of the number of ATP molecules directly...Ch. 5 - Ketone bodies are derived from
Ch. 5 - Prob. 8RACh. 5 - The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to free...Ch. 5 - The formation of glucose from pyruvic acid derived...Ch. 5 - Which of these organs has an almost absolute...Ch. 5 - When amino acids are used as an energy source,
Ch. 5 - Intermediates formed during fatty acid metabolism...Ch. 5 - State the advantages and disadvantages of the...Ch. 5 - What purpose is served by the formation of lactic...Ch. 5 - Describe the effect of cyanide on oxidative...Ch. 5 - Describe the metabolic pathway by which glucose...Ch. 5 - Prob. 18RACh. 5 - Explain how energy is obtained from the metabolism...Ch. 5 - Prob. 20RACh. 5 - Why is the production of lactic acid termed a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 22RACh. 5 - What three molecules serve as the major substrates...Ch. 5 - A friend, wanting to lose weight, eliminates all...Ch. 5 - Suppose a drug is developed that promotes the...Ch. 5 - For many years, the total number of molecules of...Ch. 5 - People who are starving have very thin arms and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 28RACh. 5 - Prob. 29RACh. 5 - Prob. 30RACh. 5 - Prob. 31RACh. 5 - Prob. 32RACh. 5 - Prob. 33RA
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- Identify the following terms This type of lipid is a complex mixture of esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and long-chain alcohols. The reduced cofactor important in the TCA cycle and used in the last part of respiration. Molecule that attaches to myosin and actin during muscle contraction.arrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following processes would be expected to involve the conversion of ATP to ADP or the conversion of ADP to ATP. a) Heart muscle contraction b) transport of nutrients to various locations in the bodyarrow_forwardUpon digestion of starch, isomaltose (an isomer of maltose), one of its degradation products, is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 4 molecules of isomaltose considering the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. Answer the following items using numerical value only (e.g. 1, not "1 ATP") which will help you arrive at the final answer for this question. a. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis: b. Total number of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis: c. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: d. Total number of CO, released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction: e. Total number of acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle:arrow_forward
- (b) How is ATP converted to ADP by glucose? Explain. Why is of phosphoric acid by glucose? there no intakearrow_forwardShow the first cycle of beta-oxidation of stearic acid. How many ATPs will be generated from the complete oxidation of this fatty acid?arrow_forwardWhich carbons of glucose will be incorporated into Palmitic acid by the Fatty Acid Synthase? Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a Carbon 1 b Carbon 2 c Carbon 3 d Carbon 4 e Carbon 5 f Carbon 6 g All carbons will be incorporated. h No carbons will be incorporated.arrow_forward
- Under aerobic conditions of high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. Glucose C-2 and C-5 Glucose C-1 and C-6 Glucose C-2 only Pyruvate C-1 Lactate C-2 for export CO, from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel Label is halved over many TCA cycles Oxaloacetate Malatearrow_forwardcreate a table to summarize the ATP count for the listed carbohydrates below that will undergo cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs and ETC), in the liver, kidney & heart as well in the skeletal muscle and brain. Support your answer with calculations:Calculations: Carbohydrates Glucose Fructose Galactose Maltose Lactose Sucrose Calculations: C ATP (Liver, Kidney & Heart) ATP (Muscle & Brain)arrow_forwardPlace the following molecules in the order in which they appear during aerobic respiration: Citrate G3P Glucose-6-phosphate Pyruvate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Glucose Acetyl-CoAarrow_forward
- upon digestion of starch maltose, one of its degradation products is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of maltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. question: 9. what is the total number of net ATP molecules produced after complete oxidation?arrow_forwardPlease answer the following question: Answer the following questions about Glygogen Metabolism: (But DON’T Just think about glycogen here!) a. After a carbohydrate-filled breakfast, your blood glucose levels increase. How does glucose affect liver glycogen phosphorylase activity? Briefly explain the direct effect (i.e., not via hormones) glucose has on the enzyme, referring to the structure of the enzyme. b. Imagine you develop a drug that targets glycogen synthase kinase as a treatment for Type 2 diabetes. You need to determine if this drug activates or inhibits glycogen synthase kinase? What effect should the drug have on the phosphorylation state and activity of glycogen synthase? Explain in detail your decision. c. Would protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) have to be active or inactive for this drug to be effective? Explain the rationale for your response; be sure to refer to the function of PP1 in your response.arrow_forwardThe body uses ketone bodies as fuel “during times of extreme starvation” and that ketosis “is an important survival mechanism that maintains high rates of fatty acid oxidation when carbohydrate stores are depleted” but that “it can lead to pathologic conditions.” Summarize what ketosis is metabolically, including figure 16.15 from the text in your summary.arrow_forward
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