Concept explainers
Introduction: Genome is defined as the complete genetic material that is present in an organism. It consists of the coding as well as the non-coding parts of DNA. The study of the genome is termed as genomics. Restriction enzymes are widely used enzymes in the field of genomics. These enzymes were discovered by Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans.
Answer to Problem 1TY
Correct answer: The restriction enzymes are used in gene cloning experiments and they are used to cut DNA into pieces. These enzymes are used by the bacteria to avoid viral infections. Restriction enzymes produce sticky-ends at the terminal ends of DNA fragments. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
Explanation of Solution
Reason for correct answer:
Restriction enzymes were discovered around 1960. They are used in gene cloning experiments to cleave the DNA into small fragments. This enzyme is highly specific in nature. It cuts the DNA at only particular sites known as the restriction sites. This enzyme produces sticky ends at the terminal ends of the DNA. Moreover, it has been observed that microorganisms produce restriction enzymes naturally as a part of their defense mechanism. For example, a bacterial cell produces these enzymes to prevent the invasion of any viral infection.
Option d. is given as “All of the above are true for restriction enzymes”.
All the above options a., b. and c. correctly describe the properties of a restriction enzymes and they all are true with respect to restriction enzymes. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
Reasons for incorrect answer:
Option a. is given as, “are used to cut DNA into pieces for gene cloning”.
Restriction enzymes are widely used in the gene cloning experiments. They have the capability to cleave the DNA into small fragments. However, it is not the only property of a restriction enzyme. These enzymes are used by bacteria to prevent viral infections. They also produce sticky ends at the terminal ends of the produced DNA fragments. Hence, option a. is incorrect.
Option b. is given as, “are produced by bacterial cells to prevent viral infections”.
Restriction enzymes have the capability to prevent virus related infections in bacteria. However, they also have other important features such as they produce sticky ends at the terminal ends of DNA. They cleave the DNA to produce small fragments for gene cloning. Hence, option b. is incorrect.
Option c. is given as, “produce sticky ends on DNA fragments”.
The restriction enzymes are highly important enzymes in gene cloning experiments. They are able to produce sticky ends on DNA fragments. However, this is not the only importance of restriction enzymes. These enzymes cleave the DNA to produce small fragments. These fragments are used in gene cloning experiments. These enzymes are used to prevent viral infections in bacterial cells. Hence, option c. is incorrect.
Option e. is given as, “Only a. and c. are true of restriction enzymes”.
Both option a. and c. are true for restriction enzymes. However option b. is also valid for the restriction enzymes. Hence, option e. is incorrect.
Hence, the options a., b., c., and e. are incorrect.
Therefore, all the mentioned reasons are true the restriction enzymes used in gene cloning experiments. They are used to cut DNA into fragments, produce sticky ends and are used by bacteria to prevent viral infections.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology
- Put the following tasks in the order they would occur during a DNA cloning experiment. a. using DNA ligase to seal DNA fragments into vectors b. using a probe to identify a clone in the library c. sequencing the DNA of the clone d. making a DNA library of clones e. cutting genomic DNA with restriction enzymesarrow_forwardExplain briefly within 5 sentences each 1. a. What is PCR? Explain/relate its importance in DNA marker analysis. 1.b. What are restriction enzymes (RE)? Describe how a RE can be used to develop/design a DNAmarker.arrow_forwardArrange the following steps in the sequence they would happen in a DNA cloning experiment. a. sealing DNA fragments into vectors with DNA ligase; b. utilizing a probe to detect a clone in the library; c. sequencing the clone's DNA; d. creating a DNA library of clones; e. cutting genomic DNA with restriction enzymes. A. e,a,d,b,c B. a,d,b,c,e C. c,b,e,a,d D. e,d,a,c,barrow_forward
- Which of the following is true? a. In one technique, the DNA sequence can be determined using one strand of DNA as it passes through a nanopore. b. Next generation sequencing is slow but accurate. c. Both of the above are true.arrow_forwardHow is gene editing applied in our society? a. to customize a living organism’s genetic sequence by making very specific changes to its DNA b. being used for the genetic modification of crop plants c. use for manipulating the DNA of livestock and of laboratory model organisms d. all of the abovearrow_forwardThe activity of restriction enzymes may produce fragments with sticky ends. Sticky ends are a) a type of endonucleases. b) dephosphorylated CpG islands. c) unpaired nucleotides. d) double breaks with blunt ends.arrow_forward
- The restriction endonucleases used in recombinant DNA work: a. are synthesized by bacteria b. recognize sequences 14-16 bp long c. cut the DNA outside the recognition sequence d. all the above are truearrow_forwardA contig is a. a set of molecular markers used in gene mapping. b. a set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA. c. a set of fragments generated by a restriction enzyme. d. a small DNA fragment used in sequencing.arrow_forwardWhat is the most challenging issue facing genome sequencing? a. the inability to develop fast and accurate sequencing techniques b. the ethics of using information from genomes at the individual level c. the availability and stability of DNA d. all of the abovearrow_forward
- Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process In cloning human DNA, why is it necessary to insert the DNA into a vector such as a bacterial plasmid?arrow_forward. Explain how restriction enzymes work and why they are so important to recombinant DNA technology.arrow_forwardwhich of the following do researchers not need to use during vector cloning? a. a plasmid containing selectable marker genes such as beta galactosidase or ampicillin resistance genes. b. restriction enzymes. c. DNA polymerase d. a growth medium with carefully selected ingredients that take advantage of selectable markers. e. none of the above.arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College