For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.
a. | mitogenic growth | 1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
b. | tumor-suppressor | 2. | programmed cell death genes |
c. | cyclin-dependent | 3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
d. | apoptosis | 4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
e. | oncogenes | 5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
f. | growth factor | 6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
g. | signal transduction | 7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
h. | checkpoints | 8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
i. | cyclins | 9. | protein that binds a hormone |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1
Explanation of Solution
The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G0 and enter G1 phase of cell cycle.
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
Explanation of Solution
The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
Explanation of Solution
The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes
Explanation of Solution
Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
Explanation of Solution
The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone
Explanation of Solution
Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
Explanation of Solution
Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
Explanation of Solution
The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
Explanation of Solution
The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.
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Chapter 20 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
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- The p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene. Several years later, researchers showed that both p53 alleles are inactivated in some mouse cancers. This evidence suggests A. the p53 gene is an oncogene because inactivated alleles would produce mutated signal transduction proteins that would result in stimulating cell division. B. the p53 gene is an oncogene because the cell would overproduce transcription factors to compensate for the inactive alleles, resulting in increased cell division. C. the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because inactivated alleles indicate a loss of protein function which allowed the cancer to develop D. the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because the cell would produce too few transcription factors for gene activation, resulting in decreased cell division.arrow_forwardWhich of the following accurately compares tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes? A. Both tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes prevent the spread of cancer by targeting and destroying existing cancer cells. B. A person who has both tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes will always develop cancer. C. Proto-oncogenes code for growth factors, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell division of damaged cells. D. When a proto-oncogene mutates, it becomes a tumor suppressor gene.arrow_forwardWhich of the following types of mutations would be advantageous to a cancer cell (select all that apply)? A. An inactivating mutation in a tumor suppressor gene B. Methylation of the promoter of a tumor suppressor gene C. An inactivating mutation in an oncogene D. Mutation that inactivated DNA repair gene E. An inactivating mutation in an oncogenearrow_forward
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