Why would the failure of the p53 tumor supressor gene be more likely to cause cancer in a seventy year old person compared to a ten year old person?
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Why would the failure of the p53 tumor supressor gene be more likely to cause cancer in a seventy year old person compared to a ten year old person?
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- Which of the following mutations is MOST likely to cause cancer? A) a mutation that causes a cyclin gene to be expressed at all times during the cell cycle B) a mutation that causes an oncogene to be turned off so that no protein is made C) a mutation that causes a Cdk gene to be turned off so that no protein is made D) a mutation that causes a tumor suppressor gene to be over-expressedWhich of the following is true of tumor suppressor genes? Group of answer choices a) If this gene is overactive, it becomes an oncogene b) If one of the alleles is mutated, there is usually little effect. Two inactivating mutations are usually required for loss of function (recessive mutation). c) If one copy is lost, the gene no longer functions (dominant mutation) d) Tumor suppressors genes usually cause mitosis or cell growth e) Tumor suppressor genes decrease apoptosisWhich is true for cancer cells: 1) Cell death occurs after a determined number of cell divisions 2) Contact with other cells reduces chance of cell division 3) Cell division occurs in the presence of stop signals.
- The "initiation" stage of cancer refers to: a) The stage where DNA is mutated, and permanent DNA damage occurs b) The stage during which the mutated cells develop into a malignant cell population c) The stage during which "promoters" enhance the further development of the mutated cells d) The stage during which cancer breaks away from the primary origin and metastasizesWhy is p53 considered a tumor suppressor protein? Question 12 options: a) Because p53 normally detects breaks in DNA. b) Because p53 normally causes progression from G1 to S phase to halt until damaged DNA is fully repaired. c) Because p53 normally repairs breaks in DNA. d) Because p53 normally stimulates transcription of Repair Polymerase. e) Because p53 normally reduces the mutation rate of DNA polymerase.Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a) they are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells. b) they are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses. c) they encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth. d) they often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.
- Put a checkmark next to any of the following scenarios that would make it MORE likely that a cell would divide when it is not supposed to, increasing the chance that it would become cancerous. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. A) A tumor suppressor gene is over-expressed B) A cyclin gene is mutated so that it is expressed at all times during the cell cycle C) A cyclin-dependent kinase gene is mutated so that in the Cdk is no longer dependent on its cyclin D) A Cdk gene is mutated so that the Cdk protein is not made E) Mutation of an oncogene that causes it to no longer be expressed F) A proto-oncogene gene is expressed at higher than normal levels G) The p53 gene is mutated so that no p53 protein is madeD) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…one question with multiple parts! 1A) If you were a cancer biologist interested in developing new drugs that will slow down cancer cell metastasis, which of the following strategies would be most effective? a)Develop an activator of mitosis b)Make Her2 protein that is more active on the surface of the cancer cells c) Develop a molecule that increases telomerase activity d) Gene therapy to add a mutated p53 gene to the cancer cells 1B) You are a genetic counsellor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have a child together the child could have the X-linked recessive disease Duchene muscular dystrophy. The man has the disease whereas the woman is a carrier. Which of the following would be a true statement to tell them? a) 100% of their male offspring will likely be carriers of the recessive allele that causes the disease b) 75% of their female offspring will likely be carriers of the recessive allele that causes the disease c) 100% of their male offspring will likely…
- Which of the following is 'a characteristic of malignant tumors, but not benign tumors? O a) Mutation of genes that promote apoptosis O b) Mutation of genes that stop cell division O c) Metastasis O d) Proliferation1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.Part A and B A. What is the normal function of the Rb protein? A) Rb prevents the cell cycle from proceeding unless the cell is prepared to do so B) Rb causes cells to undergo apoptosis C) Rb promotes Cdk activation D) Each of the other selections is true E) Rb repairs damaged DNA B. How do tumors arise? A) When cell proliferation occurs at a higher rate than cell death B) When someone is infected with a tumor from another person C) When cell death occurs at a very high rate D) When cell proliferation occurs at a very low rate