Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 20, Problem 8P
Molecules outside and inside the cell regulate the cell cycle, making it start or stop.
| a. | What is an example of an external molecule that regulates the cell cycle? |
| b. | What is an example of a molecule inside the cell that is involved in cell-cycle regulation? |
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Which of the following statements is a lie?Select one:
a. If damaged DNA is detected during the cell cycle, negative regulation is responsible in stopping the cell cycle.
b. There are four cyclin proteins involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle and they have fluctuating levels.
c. To activate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), they must bind to another kinase.
Describe kinases and cyclins. How do they interact to cause cells to move through the cell cycle?
The retinoblastoma protein (RB) suppresses human cell division by
arresting cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and preventing
progression to the next phase. It accomplishes this task by binding
to another protein, E2F, a transcription factor needed for further
progression through the cell cycle. Normal progression through the
cell cycle is accomplished when cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
phosphorylate RB, preventing its binding to E2F.
Many viruses can induce abnormal exit from G, using viral proteins
that bind to RB at a motif at the N-terminal called LXCXE. An
example is the E7 papilloma protein, which causes the excessive
proliferation of cells in warts.
The site at which LXCXE proteins bind is called the pocket domain
and is highly conserved on RB and related proteins in plants and
animals. The configuration of the pocket domain is well established.
Mutant experimental RB proteins are available with alterations in the
conserved amino acids of the pocket domain.
A simple…
Chapter 20 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 20 - For each of the terms in the left column, choose...Ch. 20 - Characterize the differences between tumor cells...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3PCh. 20 - Prob. 4PCh. 20 - A carcinogenic compound is placed on the skin of...Ch. 20 - You have decided to study genetic factors...Ch. 20 - B cells are specialized blood cells that secrete...Ch. 20 - Molecules outside and inside the cell regulate the...Ch. 20 - Put the following steps in the correct ordered...Ch. 20 - a. Would you expect a cell to continue or to stop...
Ch. 20 - Two different protein complexes called SCF and APC...Ch. 20 - One of the hallmarks of mitotic anaphase is the...Ch. 20 - Concerning the Tools of Genetics Box Analysis of...Ch. 20 - Are genome and karyotype instabilities...Ch. 20 - Prob. 15PCh. 20 - Why dont all loss-of-function mutations that are...Ch. 20 - Chromothripsis is a rare phenomenon, first...Ch. 20 - The chromosome 9/22 translocation associated with...Ch. 20 - A female patient 19 years old, whose symptoms are...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20PCh. 20 - A generic signaling cascade is shown in the...Ch. 20 - Neurofibromatosis type 1 NF1; also known as von...Ch. 20 - Families with germ-line BRCA1 or BRCA2...Ch. 20 - The text explained that retroviruses can cause...Ch. 20 - Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent form...Ch. 20 - Suppose that instead of microarrays, you analyzed...Ch. 20 - Prob. 27PCh. 20 - Glioblastoma multiforme GBM is the most common and...Ch. 20 - a. The legend to Fig. 20.29 identifies which of...Ch. 20 - The website CBioPortal http://www.cbioportal.org...
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- The retinoblastoma protein (RB) suppresses human cell division by arresting cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and preventing progression to the next phase. It accomplishes this task by binding to another protein, E2F, a transcription factor needed for further progression through the cell cycle. Normal progression through the cell cycle is accomplished when cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate RB, preventing its binding to E2F. Many viruses can induce abnormal exit from G, using viral proteins that bind to RB at a motif at the N-terminal called LXCXE. An example is the E7 papilloma protein, which causes the excessive proliferation of cells in warts. The site at which LXCXE proteins bind is called the pocket domain and is highly conserved on RB and related proteins in plants and animals. The configuration of the pocket domain is well established. Mutant experimental RB proteins are available with alterations in the conserved amino acids of the pocket domain. A simple…arrow_forwardWhen a mitogen binds to a receptor on a cell, the signal is transported via a signaling pathway into the cell and a new cell cycle can start. Describe this signal path. Explain what would happen to this one signal path if the cell simultaneously detects that there is damaged DNA in the cell.arrow_forward(b) What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? How does vincristine contribute to the cell cycle arrest of cancer cells? Explain. Microtubulesarrow_forward
- Cell division cycle mutations render the mutants unable to continue the cell cycle. This phenotype creates a paradox where mutant cells must also be grown in the lab to further identify the gene and study the role of the protein. How do you think this problem can be solved?arrow_forwardYou are studying Protein X which plays a role in promoting the G1/S phase transition in eukaryotic cells. You design an experiment using wild-type yeast cells to measure the amount of Gene X MRNA and activity levels of Protein X during the cell cycle. The results from your experiment are shown in the graph below. From the data, which of the following could Protein X be? Protein X activity levels Gene X MRNA levels Relative Units G1 G2 M cyclin inhibitor protein O cyclin dependent kinase O Helicase Cyclinarrow_forwardThe p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for several genes. Discuss an example of a specific gene that is activated by p53 and how this gene activation will lead to a pause in the cell cycle for DNA repair to take place.arrow_forward
- Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals to interrupt various parts of the cell cycle, targeting rapidly growing cells. Taxol® is an example of a drug that prevents mitosis phase from occurring. How this Taxol useful as a cancer treatment and how might targeting rapidly growing cells explain common chemotherapy side effects such as hair loss and nausea? A. Taxol will stop the tumor from growing, but unfortunately it also impacts other fast-growing cells (like hair follicles and stomach lining cells), so normal cells get damaged as well. B. Taxol will stop the tumor from continuing to divide, but unfortunately it also impacts other readily dividing cells (like hair follicles and stomach lining cells), so normal cells get damaged as well. C. Taxol will stop the tumor from copying DNA, but unfortunately it also impacts DNA replication in other cells (like hair follicles and stomach lining cells), so normal cells don't get to continue through…arrow_forwardIn the following study, the investigators wanted to determine the role of cyclin B in controlling the cell cycle. Earlier researchers had found that extracts made from frog eggs (Xenopus) contained all the necessary proteins and machinery required for DNA replication. This included proteins that regulated the mitosis promoting factor (MPF). At the time of this study, cyclin B was show to affect MPF activity and the research group wanted to test using Xenopus egg extract in an assay. In Figure 1 (a) MPF activity was tested for its ability to phosphorylate Histone (H1) in sperm chromatin over a certain period of time. Additionally, the cyclin B concentration in the extract was measured. In figure 1b, the extract was tested after treatment with RNase which degraded only the mRNA and not RNA or FRNA in the extract. Knowing that cyclin B is a short-lived protein, why do you suppose the graph shows the results you see in figure 1b?arrow_forwardA researcher studying a line of cancer cells noticed that cellular content of RhoBTB3 and Cyclin E1 increase and decrease through the cell cycle. a. He hypothesizes that RhoBTB3 signaling regulates the production of Cyclin E1 and the entry of the cell into mitosis. Based on the data below, explain why his results do not support this hypothesis. Identify what conclusions are supported by this data. b. Suppose that the researcher can engineer a cell line in which RhoBTB3 expression can be induced by the addition of a drug. Design an experiment using this cell line to test whether RhoBTB3 regulates the production of Cyclin E1. Describe what results he can expect if his hypothesis is correct.arrow_forward
- Describe how cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are related. How do these molecules help regulate the cell cycle?arrow_forwardYou are examining a cell to determine the stage of the cell cycle it is currently in. What stage are you most likely to see it in (what stage do cells spend most of their time in)? What stage are you least likely to see it in (what stage do cells spend the least of their time in)?arrow_forwardAt What Phase Is the Cell Cycle Arrested by an Inhibitor?arrow_forward
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cell division of meiosis and mitosis; Author: Stated Clearly;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-mFPZLLbHI;License: Standard youtube license