Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 19, Problem 4EQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The modification of the Ames test to evaluate physical mutagen and necessity for the addition of rat liver extract.
Introduction:
The physical mutagens consist of UV (ultraviolet) rays, gamma rays, particle radiation, and X-rays. In the living cells, the radiation damages lipoprotein, carbohydrates, and proteins via ionization or by creating free radicals. The UV rays cause excitation of the macromolecules, which results in the dimerization of pyrimidines and oxidative damage to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
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Transcriptome analysis involves two separate methodologies: gene expression and RNA seq analyses. The 10 items below are a scrambled listing of the steps used in the two procedures. Identify the steps involved in RNA seq from the list below. Use the numbers in the list to refer to each step. Once the steps for RNA seq have been identified, write the steps in the order in which they are performed during the experiment.
(1) DNA sequencing
(2) Allow for hybridization and wash excess cRNA.
(3) Mix labeled cRNA with array chip.
(4) PCR amplification
(5) Measure fluorescence intensity to determine abundance of transcripts.
(6) Add labeled cRNA at each microarray location.
(7) Map cDNA sequences to the genome of the organism to determine identity and abundance of transcripts.
(8) mRNA isolation from cells
(9) Prepare fluorescently labeled cRNA probes
(10) cDNA synthesis
Explain in detail the AMES test which is used to test for the mutagenic potential of different compounds. Include an explanation of the AMES tester strains and how they work, why the liver is essential to this test and specifically why the control plate is necessary.
What is the Ames test and how is it carried out? What assumption concerning mutagenicity and carcinogenicity is it based upon?
Chapter 19 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 19.1 - 1. A mutation changes a codon that specifies...Ch. 19.1 - A down promoter mutation causes the promoter of a...Ch. 19.1 - 3. A mutation in one gene that reverses the...Ch. 19.1 - Which of the following is an example of a somatic...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 19.3 - Which of the following is not an example of a...Ch. 19.3 - A point mutation could be caused by a....Ch. 19.3 - One way that TNRE may occur involves the formation...Ch. 19.4 - Nitrous acid replaces amino groups with keto...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 2COMQ
Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 3COMQCh. 19.5 - The function of photolyase is to repair a....Ch. 19.5 - Which of the following DNA repair systems may...Ch. 19.5 - 3. In nucleotide excision repair in E. coli, the...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 19.5 - An advantage of translesion-replicating...Ch. 19 - Is each of the following mutations a transition,...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2CONQCh. 19 - What does a suppressor mutation suppress? What is...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 19 - X-rays strike a chromosome in a living cell and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 6CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 7CONQCh. 19 - 8. A point mutation occurs in the middle of the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 19 - 11. Is a random mutation more likely to be...Ch. 19 - 12. Which of the following mutations could be...Ch. 19 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 19 - Discuss the consequences of a germ-line versus a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 15CONQCh. 19 - Explain how a mutagen can interfere with DNA...Ch. 19 - What type of mutation (transition, transversion,...Ch. 19 - Explain what happens to the sequence of DNA during...Ch. 19 - Distinguish between spontaneous and induced...Ch. 19 - Prob. 20CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 21CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 19 - Trinucleotide repeat expansions (TNREs) are...Ch. 19 - 24. With regard to TNRE, what is meant by the term...Ch. 19 - 25. What is the difference between the mutation...Ch. 19 - Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism. It is...Ch. 19 - Prob. 27CONQCh. 19 - In the treatment of cancer, the basis for many...Ch. 19 - Prob. 29CONQCh. 19 - 30. Which of the following examples is likely to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 31CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 32CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 33CONQCh. 19 - With regard to the repair of double-strand breaks,...Ch. 19 - Prob. 35CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 36CONQCh. 19 - 37. Three common ways to repair changes in DNA...Ch. 19 - Prob. 38CONQCh. 19 - Prob. 39CONQCh. 19 - Explain how the technique of replica plating...Ch. 19 - 2. Outline how you would use the technique of...Ch. 19 - 3. From an experimental point of view, is it...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4EQCh. 19 - Prob. 5EQCh. 19 - 6. Richard Boyce and Paul Howard-Flanders...Ch. 19 - In E. coli, a variety of mutator strains have been...Ch. 19 - 2. Discuss the times in a person’s life when it is...Ch. 19 - A large amount of research is aimed at studying...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- From your knowledge about DNA microarray, answer the following: A- How DNA microarray is created? and why it is referred to as “hybridization technology”? B- Why RT-PCR is important in the sample preparation to perform expression microarray experiment? C- Mention the name and the color of the dyes used in expression microarray? D- If the expression microarray experiment was done with a normal sample and a suspected sample, after reading the color pattern resulted from the experiment it was recorded that “gene A22” is expressed in the suspected sample. The gene A22 is clinically linked to colon cancer. Answer the following: What is the expected color of the spot on the microarray which represents this gene? What is your interpretation of the suspected sample; is it a cancer sample or not and explain why?arrow_forwardThe Ames test uses the reversion rate (His− to His+)to test compounds for mutagenicity.a. Is it possible that a known mutagen, like proflavin,would be unable to revert a particular His− mutantused in the Ames test? How do you think that theAmes test is designed to deal with this issue?b. Can you think of a way to use forward mutation(His+ to His−) to test a compound for mutagenicity? (Hint: Consider using the replica plating technique in Fig. 7.6.)c. Given that the rate of forward mutation is so muchhigher than the rate of reversion, why does the Amestest use the reversion rate to test for mutagenicity?arrow_forwardDescribe the possible outcome of a PCR experiment in which (a) there is a single-stranded break in the target DNA sequence, which is present in only one copy in the starting sample, and (b) there is a doublestranded break in the target DNA sequence, which is present in only one copy in the starting sample.arrow_forward
- What is linker scanning mutagenesis?arrow_forwardQuestion 1 a) Describe 2 approaches that you can use to determine that you have successfully PCR amplified Sonic Hedgehog. b) What are the key modifications to the PCR primers, SHFw1 and SHRv1 in order for you to clone the PCR amplified Sonic Hedgehog into the multiple cloning site (MCS) of pSELECT-CGFP-blasti. Explain your answer in detail c) After you have successfully cloned Sonic Hedgehog into pSELECT-CCFP-blasti and transfected HEK 293 cells (human embryogenic kidney cells), you observed, using confocal microscopy that the GFP fluorescence displays a reticulate network pattern in the cytoplasm of the cells. Describe an approach you can use to determine the subcellular localization of the Sonic Hedgehog-GFP fusion protein.arrow_forwardYou are trying to clone a gene. You have successfully isolated it from the genomic DNA of an organism using the Hindlll restriction enzyme. You then take a plasmid with a single EcoRI restriction site and cleave it with EcoRI. You combine these two fragments and treat them with DNA ligase. Answer the two questions below. a.(2 points Does the cloning reaction succeed as described? If so, what is the product obtained? b. Explain your answer above.arrow_forward
- During an Ames test, bacteria were exposed to a potential mutagen.Also, as a control, another sample of bacteria was not exposedto the mutagen. In both cases, 10 million bacteria were plated andthe following results were obtained:No mutagen: 17 coloniesWith mutagen: 2017 coloniesCalculate the mutation rate in the presence and absence of the mutagen.How much does the mutagen increase the rate of mutation?arrow_forwardWhat are the steps in extracting DNA from a Banana using simple household materials like dishwashing liquid and cold isopropyl alcohol? Explain the principlesarrow_forwardAs part of the steps necessary to clone a human gene with multiple introns (so it can be expressed in a bacterial cell, which does not have the enzyme for RNA splicing), the intron sequences have to be removed first. Explain how such an intronless human gene for cloning is made.arrow_forward
- The enzymes mentioned below are used as tools during cloning, DNA sequencing and/or gene therapy. Explain what they are used for. Also mention the actual biological function of the respective enzymes. 1) RNaseHarrow_forwardRestriction endonucleases (RE) are one of the most used enzymes in biotechnology for recombinant DNA experimentations. These enzymes consist of three major classes; I, II and III. (i) Why is RE Class II commonly utilized in the labs as compared to Class I and III? (ii) Why is RE referred as Restriction Endonuclease and not Restriction Exonuclease? (iii) Some REs are known as isoschizomers. Describe isoschizomers with an example.arrow_forwardYou are trying to clone a gene, You have successfully isolated it from the genomic DNA of an organism using the Hindill restriction enzyme. You then take a plasmid with a single EcoRI restriction site and cleave it with EcoRI. You combine these two fragments and treat them with DNA ligase. Answer the two questions below. a. Does the cloning reaction succeed as described? If so, what is the product obtained? b. Explain your answer above,arrow_forward
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