Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 18, Problem 10TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Receptor proteins are specific protein that helps in production of specific signals. These are the sites to which various signaling molecules such as hormones or growth factors bind and initiate various signaling pathways.
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If a cell's DNA was mutated such that it lost the promoter of a gene, you would expect:
a.
That ribosomes wouldn’t bind to that gene
b.
No effect since the promoter doesn't have any coding information for the amino acids in the polypeptide
c.
Ribosomes would never stop translating that gene
d.
Transcription factors for that gene would no longer bind to activate expression of that gene
e.
tRNA would no longer bind to the codons of that gene
Mature human insulin is synthesized from a single Gene but contains two polypeptide
chains (A and B) linked by disulfide bonds. Which of the following statements about the
A and B chains provides the best explanation for the production of human insulin?
a. They are identical and combine to form the mature insulin
b. They are produced by proteolytic processing of a single translation product
d.
c. They are the products of alternative translation-initiation sites on a single mRNA
They are the product of a separate A- and B-chain mRNA produced by
alternative splicing
e. They are the products of separate A- and B-chain mRNA synthesized from
alternative promoters
The addition of the poly-A tail adds more than 200 units of adenine to the strand of mRNA, yet no protein has a continuous line of more than 200 phenylalanines in its structure. Why is this so?
A. RNA splicing occurs and removes the noncoding sequences.
B. The poly-A tail and 5' GTP cap do not translate into proteins.
C. The adenines are reabsorbed by the cell and help to form other forms of RNA.
D. The tRNA does not recognize the poly-A tail.
Chapter 18 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 18 - In the following diagram of the lac operon, an...Ch. 18 - a. Repressible enzymes usually function in _____...Ch. 18 - a. Give an example of highly methylated and...Ch. 18 - Label the components of the following diagram that...Ch. 18 - a. How is the process of alternate RNA splicing...Ch. 18 - a. Describe how miRNAs regulate gene expression....Ch. 18 - a. What is the difference between determination...Ch. 18 - What type of evidence established that Bicoid...Ch. 18 - a. List three genetic changes that can convert a...Ch. 18 - Complete the following concept map to help you...
Ch. 18 - Fill in the following table to help you organize...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3SYKCh. 18 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 18 - DNA methylation of cytosine bases a. initiates the...Ch. 18 - Which of the following is not true of enhancers?...Ch. 18 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 18 - A eukaryotic gene typically has all of the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 18 - Which of the following statements explains why a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 18 - What would be the fate of a Drosophila larva that...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 19TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 20TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 21TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 22TYKCh. 18 - Prob. 23TYKCh. 18 - Which of the following would most likely account...
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- Transcriptional repressor proteins (e.g., lac repressor), antisense RNA, and feedback inhibition are three different mechanisms that turn off the expression of genes and gene products. Which of these three mechanisms will be most effective in each of the following situations? A. Shutting down the synthesis of a polypeptide B. Shutting down the synthesis of mRNA C. Shutting off the function of a protein For your answers to parts A–C that list more than one mechanism, which mechanism will be the fastest or the most efficient?arrow_forwardBelow is a model of a signal transduction pathway that results in the transcribing of mRNA: Receptor protein Transcription factor Phosphorylation cascade DNA mRNA What is the best description of what would happen if the phosphorylation cascade resulted in a phosphate being attached to the transcription factor? O mRN would not stop being transcribed from the DNA. O The phosphorylation cascade would continue to release excess phosphates. O mRNA would stop being translated from the DNA. O Receptor proteins would not bind to the signaling hormone.arrow_forwardWhat are two reasons that a eukaryotic gene (e.g. Green Fluorescent Protein in jellyfish) will not be expressed if it is inserted into a bacterial genome with no alterations? a. Bacterial genes do not contain introns b. Bacterial promoters have different consensus sequences than eukaryotic ones c. Transcription of this gene is affected by the simultaneous processes of transcription and translation d.arrow_forward
- Which of the following best explains how the prokaryotic expression of a metabolic protein can be regulated when the protein is already present at a high concentration? a.Repressor proteins can be activated and bind to regulatory sequences to block transcription. b.Regulatory proteins can be inactivated to increase gene expression. c.Transcription factors can bind to regulatory sequences to increase RNA polymerase binding. d.Histone modification can prevent transcription of the gene.arrow_forwardSelect the incorrect statement: O A. Transcription produces an mRNA of a gene that leaves the nucleus. O B. A hydrophobic hormone-receptor complex may increase the expression of a specific protein by stimulating the transcription of more of that protein's MRNA. OC Protein synthesis is a two-phase process that includes transcription and translation. O D, In the process of transcription, the entire chromosome is copied by RNA polymerase.arrow_forwardYou are in a research lab studying the function of the mutated form of a receptor called Protein X, which results in disruptive symptoms in human patients: extreme fatigue, low blood pressure, and dizziness among other symptoms that may be affecting the reproductive system. From detailed genetic studies, you have found that there is a mutation in the region where the Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) of Protein X is, which may account for the symptoms seen in patients. What kind of receptor is Protein X most likely to be? Select one: O a. Steroid Family Receptor O b. GPCR Growth Hormone Receptor O d. Thyroid Hormone Receptorarrow_forward
- Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membrane of all cells but only affect target cells because a. intracellular receptors are only present in target cells b. only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone c. target cells are the only cells that can initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to the transcription factor d. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segmentsarrow_forwardTumor cells from a person with leukemia have been analyzed to determine which oncogene is involved in the transformation. After partial sequencing of the gene, the predicted gene product is identified as a tyrosine kinase. Which of the following proteins would most likely be encoded by an oncogene and exhibit tyrosine kinase activity? A. Nuclear transcriptional activator B. Epidermal growth factor C. Membrane-associated G protein D. Platelet-derived growth factor E. Growth factor receptorarrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. promoter b. consensus sequence c. operon d. chromatin-remodeling complex e. general transcription factorsarrow_forward
- The Iron Response Factor (IRF) protein regulates production of both the iron transport protein transferrin, which imports iron into a cell, and the iron storage protein ferritin, which stores iron when the cell has more iron than in needs. IRF is an RNA binding protein, which binds to a specific RNA sequence, the Iron Response Element (IRE). When the IRF protein binds to the IRE sequence in the mRNA that codes for transferrin, what effect does this have on the expression of transferrin? Briefly explain why this effect is observed.arrow_forwardIf there is a mutation in importin that prevents it from interacting with the NLS of cargo proteins, what affect, if any, would this have on the UPR (unfolded protein response). A. Ran-GEF would bind to the importin promoting cargo entry into the nucleus and transcription of UPR response genes. B. Gene regulatory protein would not be imported into the nucleus thus preventing transcription of UPR response genes C. MRNA would not be imported into the nucleus thus preventing transcription of UPR response genes D. Ran-GTP would not be imported to the nucleus thus preventing transcription of UPR response genes E. No effect, these are completely unrelated processes.arrow_forwardAs discussed in Lipids 3, SREBPs are a type of transcription factor involved in lipid homeostasis. SREBPs regulate the expression of genes that encode for anabolic enzymes. Normally SREBPs are degraded within 3 hours. Pancreatic cancer cells prevent this from happening, which increases cholesterol production within the tumor. If maintaining SREBPs for a longer period of time increases lipid synthesis, then these transcription factors are: O introducing a point mutation within the mRNA, causing the ribosome to synthesize a better protein binding to the promoter and preventing RNA polymerase from accessing the transcription start site introducing a premature stop codon within the mRNA, causing the ribosome to terminate translation binding upstream of the promoter and recruiting RNA polymerase to the transcription start site binding to the origin of replication and recruiting DNA polymerase for bidirectional synthesisarrow_forward
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