Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 15.1, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
1. The enzymes that are used during the reverse reaction of the TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) cycle and glycolysis.
2. Explain the reason behind the consumption of the same enzymes in both directions and the requirement of different enzymes in catabolic and anabolic directions.
Introduction:
The formation of complex
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Which reactions of glycolysis can be reversed? Which are irreversible? What is the significance of the metabolically irreversible reactions?
Of the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway?
Fructose can enter glycolysis by hexokinase. If fructose is used for glycolysis what enzyme can be skipped in glycolysis? And why can this enzyme be skipped if fructose is used for glycolysis?
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- In the following diagram of glycolysis. Identify the steps that are amphibolic, taking place in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Also, identify the regulated steps and what compounds act as regulators.arrow_forwardThe enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the glycolytic pathway?arrow_forwardWhat steps in glycolysis generate substrate-level phosphorylation, and how many ATP molecules are generated in this way in this pathway? How does the generation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation differ from ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation?arrow_forward
- Predict the effect of each of the following mutations on the pace of glycolysis in liver cells: (a) Loss of the allosteric site for ATP in phosphofructokinase (b) Loss of the binding site for citrate in phosphofructokinase (c) Loss of the phosphatase domain of the bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (d) Loss of the binding site for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in pyruvate kinasearrow_forwardThe rate limiting and committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase B. Hexokinase C. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase D. Transketolasearrow_forwardSeveral of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that we will see often in metabolism. What reaction types are catalyzed by each of the following: (a) Kinases (b) Isomerases (c) Aldolases (d) Dehydrogenasesarrow_forward
- a) What is the reason for the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?b) Which compound is converted into which compound in the step where sequential dehydration and hydration reactions occur in the citric acid cycle?c) Why is ammonia released in some tissues carried by binding to other molecules in the blood? Where is it transmitted in the body for its destruction? What molecule is it transferred onto there? So what molecule does it make?arrow_forwardWhat energetic barrier prevents glycolysis from simply running in reverse to synthesis glucose? What is the energetic cost to overcome this barrier?arrow_forwardWhat is meant by reciprocal regulation ? Name one compound that reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways . Which enzymes are regulated by this compound? What reactions are catalyzed by these enzymes (structures not required) ?arrow_forward
- Anaerobic glycolysis of glucose potentially produces a fewer number of ATPs per glucose moleculein red blood cells than in muscle cells, because -Red blood cells contain bisphosphoglycerate mutase -Red blood cells lack phosphoglycerate kinase -Red blood cells do not have mitochondria -Red blood cells do not have a nucleus Which of the following is likely to be correct if all mutases are completely inhibited? -Removal of glucosyl residues from nonreducing ends of glycogen in the liver is compromised;therefore, release of free glucose into blood from the liver would decrease -Glycerol can be efficiently converted into glucose but cannot be efficiently converted into glucosylresidues in glycogen in the liver -Both A and B -Neither A nor Barrow_forwardTaking into consideration glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle, how many substrate level phosphorylation events occur from a single molecule of glucose? 6 substrate level phosphorylation events 4 substrate level phosphorylation events 3 substrate level phosphorylation events 2 substrate level phosphorylation events None of the above answers are correctarrow_forwardDirect synthesis of ATP such as in step 5 of TCA and step 7 of glycolysis is known as?arrow_forward
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