Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 15.2, Problem 3TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The pathway that has sugar phosphate intermediates that are also present in the Calvin cycle and explain the evolution of the two pathways with respect to common sugars.
Introduction:
The Calvin cycle is a mixture of gluconeogenic reactions, where most of the reactions are a non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and several other reactions. In the Calvin cycle, carbon is reduced. The Calvin cycle is a part of the photosynthesis reaction that is totally independent of light.
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What is the evolutionary advantage to organisms that the Calvin cycle has a number of reactions in common with other pathways?
In biochemistry, the exergonic process ofconverting glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water in aerobic metabolism can be considered the reverse of photosynthesis,in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose andoxygen. Do you expect both processes to be exergonic, both endergonic, or one exergonic and one endergonic? Why? Would youexpect both processes to take place in the same way? Why?
Explain the following statement: The O2 generated by photosynthesis is simply a by-product of the pathway’s generation of carbohydrates and ATP.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- Which two products of the light-dependent reactions are used up in the Calvin cycle? Rubisco adds a CO2 molecule to a sugar that contains _______ carbons. The reaction product immediately splits into two sugars that each contain _______ carbons. O2 can compete with CO2 for a place in the rubisco active site. As a consequenceO2 is incorporated into RuBP instead of CO2. Why might this be a disadvantage?arrow_forwardWhich among the following statements is INCORRECT? The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which forms a six-carbon molecule that breaks down into two 3PG molecules. The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which is a reaction assisted by large quantities of RuBP carboxylase enzyme. The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which decreases cell carbon dioxide levels, which increases the diffusion gradient. The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which immediately becomes a six-carbon sugar that is the base for starch, sucrose, cellulose, etc.arrow_forwardhe Calvin Cycle represents the major pathway by which photosynthetic organisms gain carbon. Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is correct? 1. NADPH is consumed during the reduction phase of the cycle. 2. Each turn of the cycle generates one extra molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P). 3. The cycle would stop if ribulse-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) does not get regenerated. 4. The Calvin Cycle is often referred to as the “Dark Reactions” because it operates continually in the dark. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correctarrow_forward
- The "high energy electrons" used in the electron transport chain (ETC) of cellular respiration come from glucose. Plants and cyanobacteria produce glucose through photosynthesis. Where does the energy come from to produce glucose with "high energy electrons"?arrow_forwardExcited electrons (and hydrogen ions) in Photosystem 2 go through an electron transport system, but these electrons (and hydrogen ions) must be replaced in the pigments. How are these electrons (and hydrogen ions) replaced? In other words, what is the ultimate origin of these electrons (and hydrogen ions) and what is the important byproduct of the reaction that provides these electrons (and hydrogen ions)?arrow_forwardPlace the five metabolic types in the probable order of their evolution: oxygenic photosynthesis, aerobic metabolisms, anaerobic chemolithoautotrophy, anaerobic chemorganoheterotrophy, anoxygenic photosynthesis. You are expected to justify your answers by identifying the origins of the energy, the carbon used and the redox couples (electron donors and acceptors). Describe the environmental conditions that probably led to the evolution of the next metabolism.arrow_forward
- The Calvin cycle requires both ATP and NADPH. Which of these molecules provides the major input of energy needed to synthesize carbohydrates?arrow_forwardWhich of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle? A How does chlorophyll capture light? B How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates? C How is NADP+ reduced to NADPH? D How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?arrow_forwardA culture of the single celled organism Chlamydomonas is actively carrying out photosynthesis in the presence of light and CO2. If you turned off the light, how would you expect the amounts of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate to change over the next minute? How about if you left the light on and removed the CO2? Please answer these questions with specific references to the Calvin cycle.arrow_forward
- What single molecule is important in all of the following processes? : electron donor to FNR, can participate in the formation of plastohydroquinone (PQH2), contributes to regulation of Calvin cycle enzymesarrow_forwardBesides carboxylation, the Calvin Cycle enzyme rubisco can also react with O2 (e.g. oxygenation). The wasteful oxygenation reaction of rubisco is explained by the enzyme developing at time when there was very little O2 in the atmosphere. Since it was developed, why hasn’t rubisco evolved to get rid of the oxygenation reaction? A. Mutations that decrease the affinity of rubisco for O2 probably also decrease the enzyme’s ability to bind CO2. B. Evolution takes time; and since rubisco is found only in eukaryotes, it evolved recently. C. Since it still generates one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), the oxygenation reaction is actually not that wasteful. D. Because in the past few million years the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen to be much greater than the concentration of O2.arrow_forwardPhotosynthesis in green and purple bacteria does not produce O2. Why? How can these organisms still use photosynthesis to produce ATP? What molecules serve as electron donors in these organisms?arrow_forward
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