Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 13, Problem 7EQ
The protein known as tyrosinase is needed to make certain types of pigments. Tyrosinase is composed of a single polypeptide with 511 amino acids. The molecular mass of this protein is approximately
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a protein with a molar mass of 3800 g/mol is given. determine the number of nucleotides contained in the gene that encoded this protein, knowing that: 20% of it are introns, the mass of a nucleotide is 300 g/mol and the mass of an amino acid is 110 g/mol
A wildtype gene produces the polypeptide sequence:
Wildtype: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly
Each of the following polypeptide sequences is the result of a single mutation. Identify the
most likely type of mutation causing each, be as specific as possible.
M1:Met-Ser-Ser-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly
missense mutation
M2:Met-Ser-Pro
M3:Met-Ser-Pro-Asp-Trp-Arg-Asp-Lys
M4:Met-Ser-Pro-Glu-Gly
nonsense mutation
frameshift insertion
in frame deletion
M5:Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly
in frame insertion
Dystrophin is a protein that forms part of a vital protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber cell to the extracellular matrix. This connection strengthens and shapes the muscle fibers.
Dystrophin is coded by the DMD gene. This is one of the longest human genes known, covering 2,300,000 base pairs (0.08% of the human genome) It is located in chromosome 21. The immature mRNA is 2,100,000 bases long and takes 16 hours to transcribe. It contains 79 exons. The mature mRNA measures 14,000 and codes for a protein with 3,685 amino acids.
Abnormal expression of dystrophin leads to severe symptoms like muscle weakness and fatigability, a disease that is called muscular dystrophy. Most patients with muscular dystrophy become wheelchair dependent early in life. Cardiac muscle is also affected which results typically in premature death (~ second or third decade of life). Several mutations in this gene have led to the production of low levels of dystrophin or of a defective,…
Chapter 13 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 13.1 - 2. The reason why Beadle and Tatum observed four...Ch. 13.2 - What is the genetic code? a. The relationship...Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 13.2 - The fourth codon in an mRNA sequence is GGG, which...Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 13.3 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 13.4 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 13.4 - 2. The anticodon of a tRNA is located in the
a....Ch. 13.4 - An enzyme known as _______attaches an amino acid...
Ch. 13.5 - Each ribosomal subunit is composed of a. multiple...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 13.6 - 1. During the initiation stage of translation in...Ch. 13.6 - The Kozak rules determine a. the choice of the...Ch. 13.6 - During the peptidyl transfer reaction, the...Ch. 13.6 - A release factor is referred to as a molecular...Ch. 13 - Prob. 1CONQCh. 13 - What does it mean when we say that the genetic...Ch. 13 - According to the adaptor hypothesis, is each of...Ch. 13 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 5CONQCh. 13 - 6. The wobble rules for tRNA-mRNA pairing are...Ch. 13 - Prob. 7CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 8CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 13 - If a tRNA has an anticodon sequence 3CCI5, what...Ch. 13 - Describe the anticodon of a single tRNA that could...Ch. 13 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 13 - 14. What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?...Ch. 13 - Prob. 15CONQCh. 13 - 16. Discuss the significance of modified bases...Ch. 13 - How and when does formylmethionine become attached...Ch. 13 - Prob. 18CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 19CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 20CONQCh. 13 - The term subunit can be used in a variety of ways....Ch. 13 - 22. Do the following events during bacterial...Ch. 13 - 23. What are the three stages of translation?...Ch. 13 - Prob. 24CONQCh. 13 - 25. For each of the following initiation factors,...Ch. 13 - Prob. 26CONQCh. 13 - 27. For each of the following sequences, rank them...Ch. 13 - Prob. 28CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 29CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 30CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 31CONQCh. 13 - In which of the ribosomal sites, the A site, P...Ch. 13 - Prob. 33CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 34CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 35CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 36CONQCh. 13 - Prob. 37CONQCh. 13 - 1. In the experiment of Figure 13.7, what would be...Ch. 13 - 2. Polypeptides can be translated in vitro. Would...Ch. 13 - Discuss how the elucidation of the structure of...Ch. 13 - Describe the structure of a polysome, which is...Ch. 13 - Prob. 5EQCh. 13 - 6. The technique of Western blotting is described...Ch. 13 - The protein known as tyrosinase is needed to make...Ch. 13 - Prob. 8EQCh. 13 - Discuss why you think the ribosomes need to...Ch. 13 - 2. Discuss and make a list of the similarities...Ch. 13 - 3. Which events during translation involve...
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- In the image below, the blue squiggly line represents a folded protein. There are two particular amino acids that are colored red and black in the protein. The structure of each of these two specific amino acids is shown in the indicated box. A mutation occurs in the gene that encodes the protein illustrated above. The result of this mutation is that one of the amino acids above is substituted with another. Specifically, the amino acid whose structure is shaded red above (the one on the left in the illustration) is replaced by the amino acid shown below. Use this information to answer the two questions that follow. Please answer these questions.  1. Based on this description, indicate which type of mutation occurred: missense, nonsense, silent, or indel 2. How would this mutation affect this protein's structure and function? Explain in 2-4 sentences. Be specific, and be sure to include details of these specific amino acids in your response. (I'm giving you the…arrow_forwardThe genetic disorder sickle-cell anemia occurs when the amino acid valine takes the place of glutamate during translation of a hemoglobin chain. Using the table of codons below, determine the mutation in DNA that produces this disorder. 1st position ✓ U C A G Select one: U C serine phenylalanine phenylalanine serine leucine serine leucine serine leucine leucine leucine leucine isoleucine isoleucine isoleucine methionine Table of mRNA Codons 2nd position valine valine valine valine proline proline proline proline alanine alaninc alanine alanine A tyrosine tyrosine a. CUC changes to C AG b. GAA changes to GUU c. CTT changes to CAT d. C A G changes to CTC stop stop threonine asparagine threonine asparagine threonine threonine histidine histidine arginine arginine glutamine arginine glutamine arginine lysine lysine G cysteine cysteine stop tryptophan aspartate aspartate glutamate glutamate serine serine arginine arginine glycine glycine glycine glycine 3rd position DCMO U С A G U C A G…arrow_forwardAn example sequence corresponds to human sickle cell beta-globin mRNA and that this disease results from a point mutation in the β globin gene. In the following section, you will compare sickle cell and normal β globin sequences to reveal the nature of the sickle cell mutation at the protein level. To do this you need to find at least one sequence representing the normal beta globin gene. Open a new window and visit the NCBI home page(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and select “Nucleotide” from the drop menu associated with the top search box. Then enter the search term: HBB . Note that lots of irrelevant results are returned so let's apply some “Filters” (available by clicking in the left-hand sidebar) to focus on RefSeq entries for Homo sapiens. Remember that we are after mRNA so we can compare to the mRNA sequence from part 1 above. QUESTION #1: What is the ACCESSION number of the “Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA” entry? NOTE: Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) as…arrow_forward
- Help me pleasearrow_forwardMetabolic syndrome is a genetic disorder with symptoms of hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol concentrations, and lower-than-normal blood magnesium concentrations. This syndrome is caused by a mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in which a thymine nucleotide is replaced by a cytosine nucleotide. Which of the following identifies the mutated mtDNA and the corresponding mRNA and tRNA produced in a person with metabolic syndrome if the normal mtDNA triplet is TCG? Select one: a. Mutated mtDNA: CCG mRNA: GGC tRNA: GGC b. Mutated mtDNA: TCG mRNA: UGC tRNA: ACG c. Mutated mtDNA: CCG mRNA: GGC tRNA: CCG d. Mutated mtDNA: TTG mRNA: AAC tRNA: UUCarrow_forward1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). a) Hypothetically, what specific type of VECTOR will you use to perform your gene therapy? Please select from the following list of potential vectors: disabled retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), or herpes simplex virus (HSV), then give two reasons why this specific vector is the most appropriate for your gene therapy. Please explain why you were able to rule out the other potential…arrow_forward
- 1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Other scientists have suggested that it might be possible to use CRISPR to treat this genetic disorder in affected individuals. (i) First, what is CRISPR? (BRIEFLY describe what it is and how it works). (ii) Briefly describe how CRISPR could be utilized in treating genetic conditions such as Batten disease.arrow_forwardA normal hemoglobin protein has a glutamic acid at position 6; in sickle-cell hemoglobin, this glutamic acid has been replaced by a valine. List all the possible mRNA codons that could be present for each type of hemoglobin. Can a single base change result in a change from Glu to Val in hemoglobin?arrow_forwardA gene contains the sequence CGCATACGGTAC that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arg- tyr. A mutation in this gene has a G inserted after the second C in the strand. How will this mutation affect the phenotype? A:This will affect the phenotype because although most of the protein will be identical, the first amino acid will be different. B:This will not affect the phenotype because only the second amino acid is different from the original protein. C:This will not affect the phenotype because the protein will be identical to the original protein. D:This will affect the phenotvpe because all of the amino acids after the first one will be different from he original protein.arrow_forward
- Name four types of point mutations that can occur in a gene coding for a protein. Discuss the possible effect each of these can have on the protein that is produced.arrow_forwardBRCA1 is mutated in a large percentage of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 protein serves as a key enzyme in repairing DNA double-strand breaks. More than 800 mutations in the BRCA1 are clinically significant. This collection of mutations include missense mutations, small deletions, and large rearrangements that result in a protein with reduced function or no protein product. BRCA1 functions by interacting with a variety of proteins, such as Rb, Myc, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and Rad50/51. Rb is important for cell cycle arrest; Myc is a transcription factor that activates genes required for cell proliferation; activated CDK promotes cell cycle progression; and Rad50/51 proteins facilitate repair of DNA double-strand breaks. How many of the mutations listed below would lead to excessive cell growth when the cell was either homozygous or heterozygous for the mutation? Increased expression of Myc Constitutively active Rad50/51 A null mutation in Rb Continuous production…arrow_forwardThe table below shows different types of mutations in different positions in four genes. Choose the letter (A to E), from the drop-down menu, that represents the most likely type of protein that will be produced from each of these mutated genes. A: completely normal protein B: functional protein with ONE amino acid different from normal C: non-functional protein with ONE amino acid different from normal D: non-functional protein with MANY amino acids different from normal E: no protein at all Answer Type of mutation Position of mutation in gene (A, B, C, D, or E) before the part of the gene that specifies the active site of the enzyme 2 base pair insertion Inonsense immediately before the stop codon in the part of the gene that specifies the active site of the enzyme silent 1 base pair insertion in an intronarrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY