The impact of mutations on the tRNA genes and also the below-mentioned statements. The effect of the mutation on the synthesis of polypeptide in a bacteria. The outcomes of mutation regarding recognition of tRNA trp and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and the recognition of anticodon by enzyme, primarily. Introduction: Mutations are the alteration in the sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which give rise to changes in an organism’s genotype or phenotype . Mutations vary in sizes. They might occur in a single site of DNA or in a larger fragment of chromosomes.

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Chapter 13, Problem 4CONQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The impact of mutations on the tRNA genes and also the below-mentioned statements.

The effect of the mutation on the synthesis of polypeptide in a bacteria.

The outcomes of mutation regarding recognition of tRNA^trp and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and the recognition of anticodon by enzyme, primarily.

Introduction:

Mutations are the alteration in the sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which give rise to changes in an organism’s genotype or phenotype. Mutations vary in sizes. They might occur in a single site of DNA or in a larger fragment of chromosomes.

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In bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA genes. These mutations can change the sequence of the anticodon. For example, a normal tRNATrp gene encodes a tRNA with the anticodon 3′–ACC–5′. A mutation can change this sequence to 3′–CCC–5′. When this mutation occurs, the tRNA still carries a tryptophan at its 3′ acceptor stem, even though the anticodon sequence has been altered. A. How would this mutation affect the synthesis of polypeptides within the bacterium? B. What does this mutation tell you about the recognition between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNATrp? Does the enzyme primarily recognize the anticodon or not?

Several experiments were conducted to obtain information about how the eukaryotic ribosome recognizes the AUG start codon. In one experiment, the gene that encodes methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) was located and changed; specifically, the nucleotides that specify the anticodon on tRNAiMet were mutated so that the anticodon in the tRNA was 5′ –CCA–3′ instead of 5′ –CAU–3′. When this mutated gene was placed in a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis took place, but the proteins produced were abnormal. Some of these proteins contained extra amino acids, and others contained fewer amino acids than normal. Q. If the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells, what results would you expect?

Several experiments were conducted to obtain information about how the eukaryotic ribosome recognizes the AUG start codon. In one experiment, the gene that encodes methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) was located and changed; specifically, the nucleotides that specify the anticodon on tRNAi Met were mutated so that the anticodon in the tRNA was 5′ –CCA–3′ instead of 5′ –CAU–3′. When this mutated gene was placed in a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis took place, but the proteins produced were abnormal. Some of these proteins contained extra amino acids, and others contained fewer amino acids than normal. a. What do these results indicate about how the ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells? Explain your reasoning. b. If the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells, what results would you expect? c. Explain why some of the proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids than normal