Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 8P
Humans and gorillas last shared a common ancestor about 10 million years ago. Humans and chimps last shared a common ancestor about 6 million years ago. The table that follows shows the corresponding genomic region from two gorilla gametes, three chimpanzee gametes, and three human gametes.
a. | Draw a cladogram similar to that in Fig. 11.6b to show the evolutionary relationships among these three species. |
b. | The data reveal six polymorphisms among these eight genomes, at positions 2 (A or G), 3 (A or T), 4 (G or T), 7 (C or T), 8 (C or T), and 9 (G or T). On your cladogram, indicate approximately when the mutations that produced each of these polymorphisms occurred. For each allele, state whether it is ancestral, derived, or that you can’t tell. |
c. | Infer the sequences in (i) the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and (ii) the last common ancestor of all three species. Use a question mark (?) to represent any uncertainty. |
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Since nucleotide sequences are more variable than amino acid sequences, you’ll use GAPDH nucleotide sequences to compare across the six taxa you’re analyzing. Suppose that you used BLAST to align all possible pairs of GAPDH sequences among lancelet, lamprey, bass, frog, turtle, and leopard. You would be able to construct the following table showing the percent similarity values across all six taxa.
Leopard
Turtle
Frog
Bass
Lamprey
Lancelet
Leopard
100%
83%
80%
81%
76%
74%
Turtle
–
100%
79%
79%
74%
72%
Frog
–
–
100%
79%
74%
71%
Bass
–
–
–
100%
77%
74%
Lamprey
–
–
–
–
100%
73%
Lancelet
–
–
–
–
–
100%
Now you can use this data (similarly to how you used the data in the character table) to build a phylogenetic tree. The distance between species in a tree is directly related to the amount of similarity between their gene sequences. For instance, two species will be closer together if the amount of similarity is high, or far apart if the amount of similarity is low.
Which…
Using the picture below of the triangles and pentagon answer this question:
2.a) Identify potential Synapomorphies aka "Shared Derived Characters":
To pick informative characters, look for things that are shared between two or more members of the ingroup. Give a DETAILED description of each of the characters you are going to use. This is important, as often two characters are very similar (see example on the next page). Remember, they should be binary (i.e., one of two states--black or white, two eyes or four eyes). They should not be subjective (i.e., long vs. short). You can always identify the ancestral state of your character by asking if the outgroup shows the character of interest. Answer this completely and correctly. Do not use previous answers/versions of answers.
Chapter 11 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 11 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 11 - Would you characterize the pattern of inheritance...Ch. 11 - Would you be more likely to find single nucleotide...Ch. 11 - A recent estimate of the rate of base...Ch. 11 - If you examine Fig. 11.5 closely, you will note...Ch. 11 - Approximately 50 million SNPs have thus far been...Ch. 11 - Mutations at simple sequence repeat SSR loci occur...Ch. 11 - Humans and gorillas last shared a common ancestor...Ch. 11 - In 2015, an international team of scientists...Ch. 11 - Using PCR, you want to amplify an approximately 1...
Ch. 11 - Prob. 11PCh. 11 - The previous problem raises several interesting...Ch. 11 - You want to make a recombinant DNA in which a PCR...Ch. 11 - You sequence a PCR product amplified from a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 15PCh. 11 - The trinucleotide repeat region of the Huntington...Ch. 11 - Sperm samples were taken from two men just...Ch. 11 - Prob. 18PCh. 11 - a. It is possible to perform DNA fingerprinting...Ch. 11 - On July 17, 1918, Tsar Nicholas II; his wife the...Ch. 11 - The figure that follows shows DNA fingerprint...Ch. 11 - Microarrays were used to determine the genotypes...Ch. 11 - A partial sequence of the wild-type HbA allele is...Ch. 11 - a. In Fig. 11.17b, PCR is performed to amplify...Ch. 11 - The following figure shows a partial microarray...Ch. 11 - Scientists were surprised to discover recently...Ch. 11 - The microarray shown in Problem 25 analyzes...Ch. 11 - The figure that follows shows the pedigree of a...Ch. 11 - One of the difficulties faced by human geneticists...Ch. 11 - Now consider a mating between consanguineous...Ch. 11 - The pedigree shown in Fig. 11.22 was crucial to...Ch. 11 - You have identified a SNP marker that in one large...Ch. 11 - The pedigrees indicated here were obtained with...Ch. 11 - Approximately 3 of the population carries a mutant...Ch. 11 - The drug ivacaftor has recently been developed to...Ch. 11 - In the high-throughput DNA sequencing protocol...Ch. 11 - A researcher sequences the whole exome of a...Ch. 11 - As explained in the text, the cause of many...Ch. 11 - Figure 11.26 portrayed the analysis of Miller...Ch. 11 - A research paper published in the summer of 2012...Ch. 11 - Table 11.2 and Fig. 11.27 together portray the...Ch. 11 - The human RefSeq of the entire first exon of a...Ch. 11 - Mutations in the HPRT1 gene in humans result in at...Ch. 11 - Prob. 44P
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Genome Annotation, Sequence Conventions and Reading Frames; Author: Loren Launen;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWvYgGyqVys;License: Standard Youtube License