a.
To determine:
The two people that have diploid genotypes from which one can identify three different haploid sequences.
Introduction:
The polymerase chain reaction is a method which is used to make multiple copies of a specific DNA segment. By using PCR, one can produce thousands to millions of copies of that particular DNA segment. It exponentially amplified the given sequence.
b.
To determine:
The genotype of a person whose somatic genomic DNA was amplified by PCR which does not contain any of the given sequences along with its justification.
Introduction:
There are two types of cells present in all living organisms. These are somatic cells and germ cells. The germ cells are the reproductive cells which produce sperms and egg cells. All the other cells in the body are somatic cells.
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Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- For the STR site diagramed below, each repeat unit, represented by a rectangle, is known to be 5 bp long. The total length of the amplified PCR product for the chromosome shown below is 420 bp long. PCR product - 420 bo Primer Left STR STR STR STR Primer Right What size would the PCR product be for a different chromosome where there were only two tandem repeat units, instead of four? SHOW YOUR WORK.arrow_forwardPrimers can sometimes bind and target the wrong gene, especially if the primers are allowed to bind to the DNA strands at a low temperature. PCR also preferentially amplify short segments of DNA. Would it be important to actually run the cDNA after the PCR on a DNA gel in order to check for a PCR product of the predicted size for the insulin gene? Why or why not? How many more genes in the plasmid (besides the insulin cDNA insert) are need to determine which bacterial cells have been transformed and to determine which transformed bacterial cells have a plasmid with the cDNA insulin insert? What is needed in the plasmid with the cDNA insert besides the gene for insulin to actually cause the bacteria to express the insulin gene and produce the insulin protein?arrow_forwardSelect all that would be true if I had a nonsense mutation in an exon of a gene: The nonsense mutant allele would be the same size as wildtype by PCR-electrophoresis The nonsense mutant protein would be the same size by Western as the wildtype protein The nonsense mutant allele would be a different size compared to wildtype by PCR- electrophoresis The nonsense mutant protein would be a different size by Western compared to the wildtype proteinarrow_forward
- A technique called fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is described. In this method, a labeled piece of DNA is hybridized to a set of chromosomes. Let’s suppose that you cloned a piece of DNA from G. pubescens and used it as a labeled probe for in situ hybridization. What would you expect to happen if this DNA probe were hybridized to the G. speciosa or G. tetrahit chromosomes? Describe the expected results.arrow_forwardThis is a schematic diagram of an agarose gel used to analyze the DNA fragments generated by analyzing individual female flies with primers P1, P2, and P3 in a single PCR reaction. Lane M represents DNA fragments that are size markers (standards). In lanes 1, 2, and 3, sketch in the DNA fragments expected to be produced by PCR for female Drosophila homozygous for wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous for the white-one mutation, respectively:arrow_forwardThe technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is described. This is another method for examining sequence complexity within a genome. In this method, a DNA sequence, such as a particular gene sequence, can be detected within an intact chromosome by using a DNA probe that is complementary to the sequence.For example, let’s consider the β-globin gene, which isfound on human chromosome 11. A probe complementary to theβ-globin gene binds to that gene and shows up as a brightly colored spot on human chromosome 11. In this way, researchers can detectwhere the β-globin gene is located within a set of chromosomes. Becausethe β-globin gene is unique and because human cells are diploid(i.e., have two copies of each chromosome), a FISH experimentshows two bright spots per cell; the probe binds to each copy ofchromosome 11. What would you expect to see if you used thefollowing types of probes?A. A probe complementary to the Alu sequenceB. A probe complementary to a tandem array near…arrow_forward
- Linear chromosomes would shorten after each DNA replication because the gaps created by the removal of primers are not filled. Telomerase is an enzyme that fills this gap using an RNA template (a conceptual diagram of the function is shown below; actually this is a protein-RNA complex). Most human cells do not have the telomerase activity and thus can divide only a limited number of times. _________ exceptionally have telomerase activity because these cells are supposed to pass the complete DNA to the next generation. By Sierra Sciences, LLC - Sierra Sciences, LLC (uploaded from intranet), CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7988056 Brain cells Germline cells Cancer cells Hepatic cellsarrow_forwardIf a researcher attempted to do a PCR amplification of the slc24a5 gene in the gol1 mutatant line, would their attempts have been successful? Why or why not? No; PCR amplification will not be successful because the gene is deleted in the golb1 mutatant line. No; PCR amplification will not be successful because there is a point mutation in the coding region of the gene. Yes; this mutant line had a point mutation that would not have impacted PCR. Yes; although the gene switch was mutated, it did not impact the promotor sequence. O O O Oarrow_forwardThe yeast genome has class 1 elements (Ty1, Ty2, and so forth) but no class 2 elements. What is a possible reason why DNA elements have not been successful in the yeast genome?arrow_forward
- A gel pattern displaying PCR products shows four strong bands. The four pieces of DNA have lengths that are approximately in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. The largest band is cut out of the gel, and PCR is repeated with the same primers. Again, a ladder of four bands is evident in the gel. What does this result reveal about the structure of the encoded protein?arrow_forwardHow many PCR cycles are required to generate double-stranded target fragments?arrow_forwardIn yeast, you have sequenced a piece of wild-type DNA and it clearly contains a gene, but you do not know what gene it is. Therefore, to investigate further, you would like to find out its mutant phenotype. How would you use the cloned wild-type gene to do so? Show your experimental steps clearlyarrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning