Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 8, Problem 2EQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The ratios of fluorescence obtained in a genome hybridization experiment, when cancer cells are used tocarry a duplicate copy of the two chromosomes. The ratio when one part of the region is deleted on just one part of the chromosomes of cancer cells.
Introduction:
Cancer is formed because of the uncontrolled growth of cells. The mutations cause the conversion ofproto-oncogenes into oncogenes which code for either defective protein or functionless protein. This leads to the production of cancer in the body. Genetic hybridization analyzes the copied number of chromosomes and tends to detect different mutations in the cells.
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The homologous chromosome pairs in our cells do not carry identical sequences in all loci. This heterozygosity (difference between the two.copies) can be altered in cancer: in fact, loss of heterozygosity at many loci is
observed in cancer cells, through an increase in either homozygosity (two identical copies) or hemizygosity (i.e. loss of one copy). Researchers can take advantage of this loss of heterozygosity in cancer cells to identify
genomic loci that contain cancer-critical genes. What type of gene would you expect to find in chromosomal regions with a loss of heterozygosity? Proto-oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes?
Choose the correct answer here
Proto-oncogenes
Tumour Suppressor genes
The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is described. This is another method for examining sequence complexity within a genome. In this method, a DNA sequence, such as a particular gene sequence, can be detected within an intact chromosome by using a DNA probe that is complementary to the sequence.For example, let’s consider the β-globin gene, which isfound on human chromosome 11. A probe complementary to theβ-globin gene binds to that gene and shows up as a brightly colored spot on human chromosome 11. In this way, researchers can detectwhere the β-globin gene is located within a set of chromosomes. Becausethe β-globin gene is unique and because human cells are diploid(i.e., have two copies of each chromosome), a FISH experimentshows two bright spots per cell; the probe binds to each copy ofchromosome 11. What would you expect to see if you used thefollowing types of probes?A. A probe complementary to the Alu sequenceB. A probe complementary to a tandem array near…
A technique called fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is described. In this method, a labeled piece of DNA is hybridized to a set of chromosomes. Let’s suppose that you cloned a piece of DNA from G. pubescens and used it as a labeled probe for in situ hybridization. What would you expect to happen if this DNA probe were hybridized to the G. speciosa or G. tetrahit chromosomes? Describe the expected results.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 8.1 - 1. A chromosome that is metacentric has its...Ch. 8.1 - Staining eukaryotic chromosomes is useful because...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 8.3 - Which of the following statements is correct? a....Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 8.4 - 1. A paracentric inversion
a. includes the...Ch. 8.4 - Due to crossing over within an inversion loop, a...Ch. 8.4 - 3. A mechanism that may cause a translocation is...Ch. 8.5 - 1. Humans have 23 chromosomes per set. A person...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 1COMQ
Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 8.7 - The term endopolyploidy refers to the phenomenon...Ch. 8.7 - 2. In agriculture, an advantage of triploidy in...Ch. 8.8 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 8.8 - The somatic cells of an allotetraploid contain a....Ch. 8 - 1. Which changes in chromosome structure cause a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2CONQCh. 8 - 3. How does a chromosomal duplication occur?
Ch. 8 - 4. What is a gene family? How are gene families...Ch. 8 - Prob. 5CONQCh. 8 - Two chromosomes have the following orders for...Ch. 8 - An inversion heterozygote has the following...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8CONQCh. 8 - Explain why inversions and reciprocal...Ch. 8 - 10. An individual has the following reciprocal...Ch. 8 - A phenotypically normal individual has the...Ch. 8 - 12. Two phenotypically normal parents produce a...Ch. 8 - With regard to the segregation of centromeres, why...Ch. 8 - Prob. 14CONQCh. 8 - Prob. 15CONQCh. 8 - 16. A phenotypically abnormal individual has a...Ch. 8 - 17. A diploid fruit fly has eight chromosomes. How...Ch. 8 - Prob. 18CONQCh. 8 - Prob. 19CONQCh. 8 - 20. Aneuploidy is typically detrimental, whereas...Ch. 8 - 21. Explain how aneuploidy, deletions, and...Ch. 8 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 8 - 23. A cytogeneticist has collected tissue samples...Ch. 8 - Prob. 24CONQCh. 8 - A zookeeper has collected a male and a female...Ch. 8 - Prob. 26CONQCh. 8 - 27. What is mosaicism? How is it produced?
Ch. 8 - 28. Explain how polytene chromosomes of Drosophila...Ch. 8 - 29. Describe some of the advantages of polyploid...Ch. 8 - 30. While conducting field studies on a chain of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 31CONQCh. 8 - Which of the following terms should not be used to...Ch. 8 - Prob. 33CONQCh. 8 - Prob. 34CONQCh. 8 - A triploid plant has 18 chromosomes (i.e., 6...Ch. 8 - Prob. 36CONQCh. 8 - Prob. 37CONQCh. 8 - 38. A woman who is heterozygous, Bb, has brown...Ch. 8 - 39. What is an allodiploid? What factor determines...Ch. 8 - Prob. 40CONQCh. 8 - 41. Table 8.1 shows that Turner syndrome occurs...Ch. 8 - 42. Male honeybees, which are haploid, produce...Ch. 8 - Prob. 1EQCh. 8 - Prob. 2EQCh. 8 - With regard to the analysis of chromosome...Ch. 8 - 4. Describe how colchicine can be used to alter...Ch. 8 - 5. Describe the steps you would take to produce a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 6EQCh. 8 - What are G bands? Discuss how G bands are useful...Ch. 8 - A female fruit fly has one normal X chromosome and...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2QSDCCh. 8 - Besides the ones mentioned in this textbook, look...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4QSDCCh. 8 - 5. Discuss the importance of gene families at the...
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- In each of the illustrations below, a segment of a chromosome has two copies of a transposable element. In panel a, they are oriented in the same direction, whereas in panel b they are in opposite directions. A double strand break occurs in element A and is repaired by homologous recombination using element B as a repair template. For each case, what will the chromosome look like after homologous recombination occurs? Choose one of the five options below, 1-5.arrow_forwardUsing a laser beam, you isolated several R bands from human chromosomes. Answer the following questions What kinds of genes are present in R bands? Which isochors do you expect to be present in the R band? What class of interspersed repeats will be present in R bands? What class of tandem repeats do you expect to find in RG bands? Would you expect to find telomere sequences in some R bands?arrow_forwardPlease consider the figure below, parts A and B. A В Gene B Gene C Gene B Normal Gene A Chromosome 12 Normal Chromosome 1 Please consider figure A. a. Do these chromosomes come from a dividing or non-dividing cell? Give a reason for your answer. b. How many molecules of double stranded DNA will be present at anaphase I of a cell from this organism? Please consider figure B. A potentially carcinogenic mutation occurred on one of the chromosomes. The gene affected by the mutation codes for a protein involved in the repair of DNA damage. c. What is the correct term used to describe this chromosomal mutation? d. In terms of the development of cancer, is this a dominant or recessive mutation? e. What is the consequence of this mutation if it occurs during meiosis and is inherited by the offspring? Explain your answer in terms of the function of the protein.arrow_forward
- Based on the attached image, if we are using the Holliday junction model of recombination, where exactly would be the positions where DNA is cut? Would it be to the right because of branch migration?arrow_forwardFor this particular family, what is the recombination rate between the D17S74 marker and the breast cancer gene? Lets say that at age 45 the third granddaughter III-3, is diagnosed with breast cancer. Now recalculate the recombination rate between the marker locus D17S74 and the breast cancer gene? Use only the 5 women in your analysis:the two daugthers in generation II and the three granddaughters in generation IIarrow_forwardThe chromosomes drawn below are found in a human skin cell. The lines represent the chromosomes themselves. The letters indicate the location of a particular version of a gene. d) T/F If the protein produced by the BA gene is involved in the formation of ovaries, then the BA gene is likely located on a sex chromosome. e) T/F Because the genes shown here are found in skin cells, these genes code for proteins required for skin cell function.arrow_forward
- The image below shows two variations of the same region on a chromosome. The top variant has an Alu element inserted into the middle of the region where as the bottom variant has no insert. Arrows above the chromosome indicate the binding position of the the forward (F) and reverse (R) primers. The numbers below each chromosome indicate distances, in base pairs (bp), of the relevant features. F Alu 100 100 300 ----- 100 100 Where would you expect to see a band or bands if you used PCR to amplified this region - using the primers indicated above and DNA from an individual that was heterozygous - and loaded that PCR sample into the gel below? DNA Ladder Sample 1000 bp 900 bp 800 bp 700 bp 600 bp 500 bp 400 bp 300 bparrow_forwardSuppose that E. coli synthesizes DNA at a rate of 100,000 nucleotides per minute and takes 40 minutes to replicate its chromosome. (a) How many base pairs are present in the entire E. coli chromosome? (b) What is the physical length of the chromosome in its helical configuration—that is, what is the circumference of the chromosome if it were opened into a circle?arrow_forwardResearchers have discovered that some regions of chromosomes are more likely than others to cross over, these areas of frequent crossing over are called "recombination hot spots". Gene A and B are 500,000 bp apart - the genes are either side of a recombination hot spot. Gene C and D are also 500,000 bp apart but the region containing genes C and D are not near a recombination hot spot. Would the map distance between A and B be the same as the map distance between C and D? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
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