Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 7.6, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The movement of a relaxed and supercoiled plasmid in the agarose gel.
Introduction:
A gel-like polysaccharide substance which is extracted from the red seaweed is known as agarose. A method of gel electrophoresis which is used to separate the mixed population of the macromolecules such as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or proteins is known as agarose gel electrophoresis.
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The competency of bacterial cells to take up plasmids from the environment can be enhanced by treating them with calcium chloride. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process?
Question 23 options:
Chloride ions neutralize charges on the phospholipids and DNA.
Chloride ions adhere to the cell membrane and calcium ions to the plasmid DNA, thus increasing the attractive force between them.
The calcium ions change the structure of the cell membrane and, as a result, the pores are enlarged.
Calcium ions neutralize charges on the phospholipids of the bacterial cell membrane and on the DNA of the plasmid.
Chloride ions enter the cell through protein pores in the membrane, carrying plasmid DNA with them.
Look at the double-stranded segment of DNA shown below. Imagine that the two strands have already been denatured, and the temperature has been decreased to an appropriate annealing temperature. Show where the two primers would anneal to the strands, then indicate the direction of extension on each new strand with an arrow.
5’--T C A G G A C G T A A G C T T G C A T A T C T C G A T G C T A A A T C A T—3’
3’--A G T C C T G C A T T C G A A C G T A T A G A G C T A C G A T T T A G T A—5’
Primer #1: 3’ A C G A T T T 5’
Primer #2: 5’ G G A C G T A 3’
You have begun your career in medicinal biochemistry and have just discovered a bacterial DNA plasmld (transferabl
ring of DNA) that appears to destroy the Ebola virus. In order to characterize your new plasmid, the molar mass of
the plasmid must be determined. You dissolve 25.00 mg of the purified plasmid in 0.200 mL of water at 2 °C and find
the osmotlc pressure of this solution is 1.20 Torr at 20 °C and 1 atm pressure.
Answer the following about the Ebola-killing plasmid.
33.) The osmotlc pressure of the system is:
(a) 1 atm
(b) 0.016 atm
(c) 6.5 X 10-5 atm
(d) 22.59 atm
(e) 0.0016 atm
Chapter 7 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 1TQCh. 7.2 - Prob. 2TQCh. 7.2 - Prob. 3TQCh. 7.2 - Prob. 4TQCh. 7.3 - Prob. 1TQCh. 7.3 - Prob. 2TQCh. 7.3 - Prob. 3TQCh. 7.3 - Prob. 4TQCh. 7.3 - Prob. 5TQCh. 7.6 - Prob. 1TQ
Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 2TQCh. 7.6 - Prob. 3TQCh. 7 - Prob. 1RQCh. 7 - Prob. 2RQCh. 7 - Prob. 3RQCh. 7 - Prob. 4RQCh. 7 - Prob. 5RQCh. 7 - Prob. 6RQCh. 7 - Prob. 7RQCh. 7 - Prob. 8RQCh. 7 - Prob. 9RQCh. 7 - Prob. 10RQCh. 7 - Prob. 11RQCh. 7 - Prob. 12RQCh. 7 - Prob. 13RQCh. 7 - Prob. 14RQCh. 7 - Prob. 15RQCh. 7 - Prob. 1TQCh. 7 - Prob. 2TQCh. 7 - Prob. 3TQ
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- A piece of DNA is cut into four fragments as shown below. A solution containing the four fragments is placed in a single well at the top of an agarose gel. Using the information given below, draw (below the well) how you think the fragments will be aligned on the gel following electrophoresis. Label each fragment with its corresponding letter. Remember, each band on the gel will be the same width, equal to the width of the well at the top of the gel. These should all be in one lane. What if you had two different DNA fragments that were exactly the same length as measured in base-pairs. Would it be possible to distinguish them using this type of electrophoresis? How would they appear on a gel?arrow_forwardForming nucleosomes and wrapping them into a 30-nm fiber provide part of the compaction of DNA in chromatin. If the fiber contains about six nucleosomes per 10 nm of length, what is the approximate compaction ratio achieved?arrow_forwardGive the complimentary DNA strand for the following:ACG TAG CTA GTC AGT CGT AGC Give the RNA strand for the following:ACG TAG CTA GTC AGT CGT AGC Using the provided amino acid table and the RNA strand you created in #2, create the amino acid sequence: Name and explain two different ways in which DNA can be damaged. Once DNA is damaged, can we repair it? If not, what are some possible outcomes from the damaged DNA?arrow_forward
- The two strands of a DNA double helix can be separated by heating. If you raise the temperature of a solution containing the three DNA molecules below, in what order do you think these DNAs will "melt"? Explain 1)5’-GCGGGCCAGCCCGAGTGGGTAGCCCAGG-3’ 3’-CGCCCGGTCGGGCTCACCCATCGGGTCC-5’ 2) 5’-ATTATAAAATATTTAGATACTATATTTACAA-3’ 3’-TAATATTTTATAAATCTATGATATAAATGTT-5’ 3) 5’-AGAGCTAGATCGAT-3’ 3’-TCTCGATCTAGCTA-5’arrow_forwardUsing the figure below, what is molecule "A" (type a 1, 2 or 3 in the blank) nuclease ligase DNA polymerase What is the function of molecule "A"? to separate the double helix into two to piece together the Okazaki segments to copy the new DNA strand to the old strand by complementary base pairing Using the figure below, what is molecule "G" (type a 1, 2 or 3 in the blank) nuclease ligase DNA polymerase What is the function of molecule "G"? to separate the double helix into two to piece together the Okazaki segments to copy the new DNA strand to the old strand by complementary base pairing Which of the following statements best describes why one of the daughter strands is synthesized in pieces? the enzymes that synthesize DNA are slower that the enzymes that unwind the double helix and this produces 'lagging time' the enzymes that synthesize DNA can only do so in a 5' --->3' direction this figure illustrates a eukaryotic cell since prokaryotic cells do not synthesize DNA…arrow_forwardUsing the figure below, what is molecule "A" (type a 1, 2 or 3 in the blank) nuclease ligase DNA polymerase What is the function of molecule "A"? to separate the double helix into two to piece together the Okazaki segments to copy the new DNA strand to the old strand by complementary base pairing Using the figure below, what is molecule "G" (type a 1, 2 or 3 in the blank) nuclease ligase DNA polymerase What is the function of molecule "G"? to separate the double helix into two to piecearrow_forward
- DNA molecules of different sizes are often separated with the use of a technique called electrophoresis . With this technique, DNA molecules are placed in a gel, an electrical current is applied to the gel, and the DNA molecules migrate toward the positive (+) pole of the current. What aspect of its structure causes a DNA molecule to migrate toward the positive pole?arrow_forwardA piece of DNA is cut into four fragments as shown below. A solution containing the four fragments is placed in a single well at the top of an agarose gel. Using the information given below, draw (below the well) how you think the fragments will be aligned on the gell following electrophoresis. Label each fragment with its corresponding letter. Each band on the gel will be the same width, equal to the width of the well at the top of the gell. These should be in one lane. Do smaller or larger (pb) fragments migrate the furthest? Why?arrow_forwardDuring agarose gel electrophoresis, why does DNA move through the gel when electric current is applied? because DNA is negatively charged because a charged chemical from the loading buffer is bound to the DNA because DNA is positively charged because DNA absorbs electricityarrow_forward
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