Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 4, Problem 18RA
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Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell.
An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.
Why must metabolic pathways be regulated? Cite three ways by which metabolic pathways are regulated.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 4 - Use the lock-and-key model to explain how enzymes...Ch. 4 - Explain how enzymes are named, and the nature of...Ch. 4 - Draw graphs to represent the effects of changes in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4CPCh. 4 - Prob. 5aCPCh. 4 - Prob. 5bCPCh. 4 - Prob. 5cCPCh. 4 - Prob. 6aCPCh. 4 - Define the terms exergonic reaction and endergonic...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7aCP
Ch. 4 - Prob. 7bCPCh. 4 - Which of these statements about enzymes is...Ch. 4 - Which of these statements about enzyme-catalyzed...Ch. 4 - Which of these statements about lactate...Ch. 4 - In a metabolic pathway, a. the product of one...Ch. 4 - In an inborn error of metabolism,
a. a genetic...Ch. 4 - Which of these represents an endergonic...Ch. 4 - Which of these statements about ATP is true? a....Ch. 4 - When oxygen is combined with 2 hydrogens to make...Ch. 4 - Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions...Ch. 4 - According to the law of mass action, which of...Ch. 4 - Explain the relationship between an enzyme's...Ch. 4 - Explain how the rate of enzymatic reactions may be...Ch. 4 - Explain how end-product inhibition represents a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 14RACh. 4 - The coenzymes NAD and FAD can "shuttle" hydrogens...Ch. 4 - Prob. 16RACh. 4 - Why do we need to eat food containing niacin and...Ch. 4 - Metabolic pathways can be likened to intersecting...Ch. 4 - Prob. 19RACh. 4 - Suppose you come across a bottle of enzyme tablets...Ch. 4 - Describe the energy transformations that occur...Ch. 4 - Use the reversible reactions involving the...Ch. 4 - Use the graph here and in figure 4.4 to answer the...Ch. 4 - Use the graph here and in figure 4.4 to answer the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 25RACh. 4 - Prob. 26RACh. 4 - Prob. 27RA
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- Examine the figure below, which compares the energetics of a catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction during the progress of the reaction from substrate (S) to product (P). The highest peak in such a diagram corresponds to the transition state, which is an unstable, high-energy arrangement of substrate atoms that is intermediate between substrate and product. The free energy required to surmount this barrier to the reaction is termed the activation energy. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy, thereby allowing a more rapid approach to equilibrium. UNCATALYZED activation energy progress of reaction CATALYZED activation energy S ES | progress of reaction free energy free energyarrow_forwardIdentify the correct type of metabolic pathway at the four indicated positionsarrow_forwardBiological oxidation refers to the process in which organisms oxidize and decompose organic matter to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy. Common forms in human body are (1) direct transfer of hydrogen atoms, or (2) adding water first and then dehydrogenation (i.e. indirect oxygen addition). Please give one example of each metabolic pathway, and ask for the names of specific substrates, products and enzymes.arrow_forward
- Which out of the following statements is true about the regulation of metabolic pathway? a) Most of the metabolic pathways are regulated b) Most of the metabolic pathways are not regulated c) Regulation of metabolic pathways always involves changing the amount of enzymes d) Metabolic regulation always depends on control by hormonesarrow_forwardTwo substrates (A and B) are used to produce a certain biological product in an enzyme- catalyzed reaction. It is found that both substrates must bind to the enzyme, first Substrate A, then Substrate B before the product is produced. What kind of kinetic mechanism is described? Linear Reaction Ordered Sequential Reaction Random Sequential Reaction Ping Pong Reactionarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true about metabolic pathways in general? They can be anabolic or catabolic They can be both energy-releasing (exergonic) and energy-requiring (endergonic) They are often made up of a series of chemical reactions They often have multiple different enzymes working in the same pathway Each metabolic pathway is entirely separate and does not interact or connect at all with other metabolic pathwaysarrow_forward
- The figure displays the relationship between initial rate of product formation and reactant concentration in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with a fixed amount of enzyme. Which of the following statements best explains the shape of the rate curve at high reactant concentration?arrow_forwardCreate a Venn-Diagram to compare & contrast CATABOLISM vs ANABOLISM such as its process/mechanism, relation with ATP, reaction type, etc. Moreover, provide at least two (2) specific metabolic pathways as examples for each. You can use coloring pens, crayons, and the like to make your presentation look appealing. Digital drawings are also acceptable.arrow_forwardState the steps of beta-oxidation pathway. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each reaction. I posted this question two time, but it did not respond in how I want it. Please this time I have attached the slide . according to that, answer the question. please make it clear on enzymes and co-factors. If you can make the length shorter or like provide one paragraph. AS long as you did this question very short for for the answer and directly answer the questions.arrow_forward
- Determine the class of enzyme that is most likely to catalyze each of the following reactions, see bottom Figure 6D:arrow_forwardSeveral general characteristics of metabolic reactions or reaction pathways are listed. Classify them into the appropriate metabolic category. utilize ATP Anabolism convert NAD+ to NADH convert small compounds to larger compounds Answer Bank convert NADPH to NADP+ generally exergonic (spontaneous) Catabolism convert large compounds to smaller compoundsarrow_forwardA small molecule is produced from a set of enzymatic reactions from a precursor substrate. It has been shown that the small molecule is able to regulate its own production. In your own words, and based on course material only: a. Identify the regulatory process and; b. Explain how this process worksarrow_forward
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