To review:
The similarities and differences in the functioning of MyoD genes and Hox genes, which have their role in skeletal muscle differentiation and cell differentiation at specifying regions, respectively.
Introduction:
The genes are composed the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes have their specific and essential role in the expression of traits of an individual, either genotypic or
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Genetics: Analysis and Principles
- WRT is a gene in C. elegans worms which is normally expressed in a specific stage of development. Worms without this gene (wrt-/wrt- genotype) survive, but grow too large, never develop some parts of their anatomy. Over-expression of WRT results in a different phenotype: the worms have stunted growth, developing mature anatomical structures too early in their growth. The following experiments were used to learn how WRT is regulated. a. Several genetic loci that are also involved in development in the worm are suspected of being regulators of WRT. Mating experiments shows that some of these genes have epistatic relationships with WRT, and others don't. Which are likely to be WRT regulators? i. Genes epistatic to WRT are unlikely to regulate WRT ii. Genes epistatic to WRT are likely to regulate WRT iii. Epistasis cannot tell us whether another gene is in the same pathway as WRT b. Deletion of locus 1 in a WRT wildtype background causes the wrt- associated phenotype (large but…arrow_forwardAnother way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes? A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryoarrow_forwardAs shown in Figure 13-26, the Sonic hedgehog gene is expressed in many places in a developing chicken. Is theidentical Sonic hedgehog protein expressed in each tissue? If so, how do the tissues develop into different structures? If not, how are different Sonic hedgehog proteinsproduced?arrow_forward
- Myc is a family of regulator genes that code for transcription factors. c-myc was the first gene to be discovered in this family, and c-myc is dependent on mitogenic stimulation for its expression and function. c-myc transcribes a number of genes involved in G1/S cell cycle progression, such as CDK4 and cdc25A Which of the following are true for the c-myc gene? Select all that apply In cancer or transformed cells, the c-myc gene mutation would be recessive, and a loss of function mutation The c-myc gene is a tumor suppressor gene In cancer or transformed cells, the c-myc gene mutation would be dominant, and a gain of function mutation The c-myc gene is a proto-oncogenearrow_forwardPax6 is a gene that is involved in mammalian eye development. Mutations in this gene result in a lack of iris in humans, and mice that are homozygous for the mutation lack eyes completely. Mutations in the eyeless gene in the fruitfly Drosophila result in reduced eyes. Expressing Pax6 from mammals in other tissues of Drosophila during its embryonic development can result in an ectopic eye (e.g. an eye expressed in a different tissue type). An example of an ectopic eye on the antenna of Drosophila is shown below. Part A: The eye of humans, mouse, and fly are an example of the following (check all that apply) A. Structural analog B. Structural homolog C. Developmental homolog D. Genetic homolog Part B: Darwin's hypothesis of natural selection has two components: Species are not static but change through time Species are related, and not independent. In what ways does the human, mouse, and fly eye support or contradict one or both of the two components of…arrow_forwardThere is a protein called neurogenin that stimulates neuronal cells to differentiate. In order to determine what kind of receptor neurogenin binds to, you add a general phosphatase (one that can remove phosphates from any substrate) to neural cells when you add neurogenin, and you discover that this inhibits differentiation. Furthermore, in the presence of this phosphatase, you find that not even a G protein is activated in response to neurogenin. 1. With this information, what kind of receptor does neurogenin bind to? 2. In a normal cell, how does the G protein in this pathway get activated? 3. In a normal cell, why does the response to neurogenin cease over time?arrow_forward
- In flies, the gap gene kruppel is expressed in a broad band in the middle of the embryo with giant expressed as its anterior border and knirps at its posterior border. How is the expression of kruppel limited to this band in the embryo? Describe the spatial regulation of the kruppel gene.arrow_forwardExpression of a homeotic gene in the wrong tissue in Drosophila results in the development of an inappropriate body part from that tissue. Explain why this happens and how it shows that homeotic genes are positive regulators of developmental pathways.arrow_forwardI am confused about how stem cell transplants works. If you put a semi differentiated tadpole nucleus in a denucleated egg cell, it’ll develop into a fully formed tadpole, but if you put a fully differentiated tadpole nucleus, it won’t (because the genes have already been expressed in a way where the cytoplasmic determinants cannot operate to the fullest). Then how come in stem cell transplants, you use adult nucleuses that are already developed and transplant them into the denucleated egg cells?arrow_forward
- You have identified a Drosophila gene that is expressed exclusively in the odd-numbered "stripes" in the cellular blastoderm. Assuming that this gene is not redundant, what would be the most likely phenotype cause by a loss-of-function mutation in this gene? an embryo missing odd numbered segments an adult fly with a second pair of wings instead of halteres an embryo with two anterior ends an embryo missing even-numbered segments an embryo missing larval segments 3-10arrow_forwardIn Drosophila, both fushi tarazu (ftz) and engrailed (eng) genes encode homeobox transcription factors and are capable of eliciting the expression of other genes. Both genes work at about the same time during development and in the same region to specify cell fate in body segments. To discover if ftz regulates the expression of engrailed;if engrailed regulates ftz; or if both are regulated by another gene, you perform a mutant analysis. In ftz embryos (ftz/ ftz) engrailed protein is absent; in engrailed embryos (eng/eng) ftz expression is normal. What does this tell you about the regulation of these two genes—does the engrailed gene regulate ftz, or does the ftz gene regulate engrailed?arrow_forwardThe human body contains many distinct cell types yet almost all human cells contain the same genome with 21,000 genes. The distinct cell types are primarily due to differences in gene expression. Assume that one set of 1000 genes is expressed in all cell types and that the remaining 20,000 genes can be divided into sets of 1000 genes that are either all expressed or all not expressed in a given cell type. How many different cell types are possible if each cell type expresses 10 sets of these genes? Note that the number of combinations of n objects into m sets is given by n !/ (m!(n-m)!) where n! = 1*2*…*(n 2 1)*n.arrow_forward
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