You have identified a Drosophila gene that is expressed exclusively in the odd-numbered "stripes" in the cellular blastoderm. Assuming that this gene is not redundant, wh would be the most likely phenotype cause by a loss-of-function mutation in this gene? O an embryo missing odd numbered segments O an adult fly with a second pair of wings instead of halteres O an embryo with two anterior ends an embryo missing even-numbered segments O an embryo missing larval segments 3-10
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- A C. elegans (nematode) gene called par-1 helps todetermine the AP axis of the animal early in development. Scientists determined that par-1 is pleiotropic—it also has a later function in forming the vulva of theadult animal. How could researchers circumvent thelethality of par-1− mutants to observe the later function of the par-1 gene? (Hint: C. elegans larvae caneat bacteria expressing RNAi for any gene.)“In the early Drosophila embryo, the establishment of different body regionor tissues along, on the one hand, the anteroposterior axis and, on theother, the dorsoventral axis are initiated by clues provided by the egg’smother; however the nature of those signals and the way in which theyoperate is completely different”. Discuss whether this statement is correct.What changes, if any, would you predict would occur in the pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster with increased global warming? What type of genetic changes would you expect to see? Be as specific as you can.
- In Drosophila, which is true of zygotic gene expression? O a. the first zygotic genes expressed are an interpretation of positional information specified by morphogen gradients O b. the first zygotic genes expressed encode germ cell determinants O c. the first zygotic genes expressed specify segmental boundaries O d. the first zygotic genes are expressed at the cellular blastoderm stage O e. all of the aboveName three possible factors contributing to early asymmetries in a developing embryo (i.e. what are the kinds of things early on that lead to the development of the body axes - dn, a/p, l/r, etc)? In the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, the anterior-to-posterior body axis becomes segmented into distinct regions. explain the role of the genes bicoid and nanos in this process.A Drosophila egg that is bed lbcd may develop normally, but the adult fruit fly will not be able to produce viable offspring. How is this possible? The mother can provide the bcd mRNA required for normal development, but the adult bcd /bcd female fly cannot make its own bcd mRNA. The Hox genes in the egg play a redundant role to bcd during development in a bcd / bcd egg, but reproduction requires bcd. Drosophila sperm contains the functional bcd gene product required for normal development, but the adult sex cells will not be able to produce the functional product. The nanos gene product functionally compensates for lack of bcd expression in the developing fly but not in its offspring.
- You isolate a glp-1 mutation of C. elegans and discoverthat the DNA region encoding the spatial control region(SCR) has been deleted. What will the GLP-1 protein expression pattern be in a four-cell embryo in mutant heterozygotes? In mutant homozygotes?Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?) Explain how and why dorsal/ventral polarity will be affected in fly Question 3 (1. embryos carrying the following mutations; also in each case darken in the area of the cells in the cross-sectional view of the fly embryo which are expected to express the paulie gene. D = dorsal; V = ventral. a) a mutation which results in the deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the Cookie protein. b) A mutation which results in a constitutively active Bombe protein, i.e. the Bombe protein is always in an activated state. c) A mutation which causes the Pickle protein to be retained in the cytoplasm of the embryo.
- It seems that developmental genetics boils down to a complex network of gene regulation. Try to draw a structure of this network for Drosophila. How many genes do you think are necessary to complete the developmental network for the fruit fly? How many genes do you think are needed for a network to specify one segment? Do you think it is more difficult to identify genes that are involved in the beginning, middle, or end of this network? Suppose you were trying to identify all of the genes needed for development in a chicken. Knowing what you know about Drosophila development, would you first try to identify genes necessary for early development, or would you begin by identifying genes involved in cell differentiation?As we have focused on sex differentiation, sex chromosomes, and genetic mechanisms involved in sex determination. At the same time, we found manyopportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by whichmuch of this information was acquired. From the explanationsgiven in the chapter, you should answer the following fundamentalquestion: How do we know that X chromosomal inactivation of eitherthe paternal or maternal homolog is a random event duringearly development in mammalian females?Researchers have exploited Minute mutations in orderto study the phenotypes associated with recessive lethal mutations (l−) that decrease the rate of cell divisionand thus make only very tiny homozygous mutant clones that are difficult to analyze. Many differentstrains of Drosophila carry dominant loss-of-functionMinute (M) mutations in a variety of genes encodingribosomal protein subunits. The M genes are haploinsufficient; flies with only one wild-type M+ gene copyhave a slower pace of cell division, and thus prolongeddevelopment and subtle morphological abnormalities.To circumvent the tiny clone problem, researchersgenerate GFP-marked homozygous l−/ l− clones thatare also M+/ M+, in flies that are l−/ l+ and M−/ M+.The loss of the Minute mutation only in cells withinthe clone gives the l−/ l− cells a growth advantageover their neighbors, enabling the mutant clone togrow large enough to study. Diagram chromosomesthat could be used to generate such clones