For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group. Concept Introduction: Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction. Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous. Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative. The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

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The synthesis of the activated form of acetate (acetyl-CoA) is carried out in an ATP-dependent process: Acetate + CoA + ATP → acetyl-CoA + AMP + PPi (a) The ∆G’o for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA is - 32.2 kJ/mol and that for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi is - 30.5 kJ/mol. Calculate ∆G’o for the ATP-dependent synthesis of acetyl-CoA. (b) Almost all cells contain the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of PPi to Pi. What effect does the presence of this enzyme have on the synthesis of acetyl-CoA? Explain.

The formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate is an ATP-driven reaction: Acetate + ATP + CoA Acetyl CoA + AMP + PP₁ Calculate AG" for this reaction given that the AG' for the hydrolysis of acetyl CoA to acetate and CoA is −31.4 kJ mol-¹ (−7.5 kcal mol¯¹) and that the AG°' for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PP; is -45.6 kJ mol-¹ (−10.9 kcal mol−¹ ). AG° reaction = AGO! i The PP, formed in the preceding reaction is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo because of the ubiquity of inorganic pyrophosphatase. The AG" for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PP;) is −19.2 KJ mol-¹ (-4.665 kcal mol-¹). Calculate the AGº' for the overall reaction, including pyrophosphate hydrolysis. reaction with PP, hydrolysis = What effect does the presence of pyrophosphatase have on the formation of acetyl CoA? kJ mol-¹ It does not affect the overall reaction. It brings the overall reaction closer to equilibrium. It makes the overall reaction even more exergonic. It makes the overall reaction even more endergonic. kJ mol-¹ -1

Fatty acids are converted to their coenzyme A esters in a reversible reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase: R-COO +ATP +COA R-C-COA +AMP + PPi a) The reaction involves two steps the first of which forms an enzyme-bound intermediate identified as the mixed anhydride of the fatty acid and AMP: R-C-O-P-O-nibose-adenine Write two chemical equations coresponding to the two steps of the reaction catalyzed by the synthetase. b) The acyl-CoA synthetase reaction as written above is readily reversible. How might the reaction be made to favor formation of fatty acyl-CoA? Write within the box. Anything outside the box will not be graded. From the

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.31AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction it should be identified that whether it is exergonic or endergonic and also that whether it produces phosphate which later release energy by giving phosphate group.

Concept Introduction:

Exergonic: The reaction is considered as exergonic if energy released since the reactants loses its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous reaction.

Endergonic: The reaction is considered as endergonic if it needs more energy means that activation energy is much higher making the reaction non spontaneous.

Favorable Reaction: They release free energy which in turn used to do work. The products will have lower energy than reactants of the reaction shows that stable products are obtained hence the value of ΔG will be negative.

The tendency for reaction proceed toward product side before reaching equilibrium will increases as more amount of free energy released.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 21.1 - In a cell, glucose can be oxidized via metabolic...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 21.2KCP Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 21.1CIAP Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 21.2CIAP Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 21.3CIAP Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 21.4CIAP Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 21.5P Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 21.5CIAP

Solution Summary: The author explains that the reaction is exergonic if energy is released since the reactants lose its energy making the free energy more negative hence making it spontaneous.

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