Interpretation:
The type of the reaction, name and the class of enzyme involved in each step of citric acid cycle should be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Citric Acid Cycle: It involves 8 series reaction which converts acetyl group present in acetyl coenzyme A into 2
Enzyme: The proteins that helps
The enzymes are classified as follows,
- Oxidoreductases
- Transferases
- Hydrolases
- Isomerases
- Lyases
- Ligases
Oxidoreductases are one of the main classifications of enzymes and it catalyzes the
Ligases are one of the main classifications of enzymes and it catalyzes the bonding of two substrate molecules and it can be divided into two subclasses which are Synthetases, and Carboxylases.
Isomerases are one of the main classifications of enzymes and it catalyzes the reaction in which the rearrangement of atoms in a substrate occurs.
Lyases are one of the main classifications of enzymes and it catalyze the addition or elimination of a
Condensation Reaction: It involves combination of two small molecules to form larger molecule with elimination of small molecule.
Rearrangement Reaction: It involves change in the carbon chain of the molecule that results to give structural isomer.
Oxidative Decarboxylation: It involves removal of carboxylate group that results in release of carbon dioxide.
Phosphorylation: It involves transfer of phosphate group from inorganic/organic phosphate to another chemical compound.
Oxidation: The oxidation is reaction that involves addition of oxygen atom or loss of electrons or removal of hydrogen atom present in the chemical compound.
Hydration: The combination of substance with water is termed as hydration.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 21 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- a) Describe the three irreversible reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle. Ensure to indicate their purpose/role, the substrates and products, the enzyme involved, and any significant features of the reaction. b) Why are these reactions considered irreversible (why can't they be reversed)? c) Using one of the reactions as an example, explain why it is important for the cell that the reaction is irreversible.arrow_forwardThe coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ are important electron carriers that pick up electrons from one pathway and deliver them to another. Below is a list of pathways or enzyme complexes that we have covered in class. Indicate which coenzyme these pathways or complexes produce by writing NAD+, NADP+, NADH or NADPH in the blank provided. ________ glycolysis ________ citric acid cycle ________ alcoholic fermentation ________ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ________ gluconeogenesis ________ mitochondrial electron transport ________ photosynthesis light reactions ________ photosynthesis dark reactionsarrow_forwardThe following reaction would most likely be catalyzed by an enzyme of which class? sucrose + H2O → glucose + fructosearrow_forward
- Identify the enzyme that controls the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.arrow_forwardList the main features of the citric acid cyclearrow_forwardIdentify the participants in the citric acid cycle that contain alcohol groups. Identify these groups as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols.arrow_forward
- List the products of the citric acid cycle.arrow_forwardSuggest a name for an enzyme that catalyzes each of the following reactions. Oxidation of nitrite Decarboxylation of citrate Reduction of oxalatearrow_forwardWhat is the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation reactions? Which of the reactions in the citric acid cycle involve a substrate-level phosphorylation? Name another example from a biochemical pathway with which you are familiar.arrow_forward
- Describe two important roles of the citric acid cycle.arrow_forwardThere are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. Several classes of organic reactions like these classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.arrow_forwardIdentify at least five biological effects of disorders of the citric acid cyclearrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON