Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134015187
Author: John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 21, Problem 21.24UKC
The reaction that follows is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and occurs in two steps, the first of which (step A) is formation of an unstable intermediate (shown in brackets).
(a) In which step is a coenzyme needed? Identify the coenzyme.
(b) In which step is CO2 evolved and a hydrogen ion added?
(c) Which of the structures shown can be described as a β-keto acid?
(d) To what class of enzymes does isocitrate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, belong?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a) oxidation; (b) decarboxylation;(c) transamination; and (d) oxidation to produce pyruvate. Outline this sequence of steps, show the structures of thesubstances, use abbreviations for the cofactors, and show any enzyme-bound coenzymes.
What type of enzyme bound intermediate is likely for reaction (d)?
Given the following statements, identify which are true and which are not.
(1) Two ribose subunits are present in the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide.
(2) In the common metabolic pathway, 10 molecules of ATP are produced per acetyl CoA catabolized.
(3) The purpose of step 2 in the CAC is to convert a secondary alcohol to a tertiary alcohol.
Compare the regulation of phosphofuctokinase-1 (PFK- 1) activity and fructose 1,6-
bisphosphatase in glycolysis.
c)
In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved.
Describe these reactions using the degradation of palmitic acid as an example.
d)
e)
Compare the steps involved in the formation of ketone bodies.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 21.1 - In a cell, glucose can be oxidized via metabolic...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 21.2KCPCh. 21.1 - Prob. 21.1CIAPCh. 21.1 - Prob. 21.2CIAPCh. 21.1 - Prob. 21.3CIAPCh. 21.1 - Prob. 21.4CIAPCh. 21.3 - Prob. 21.3PCh. 21.4 - Prob. 21.4PCh. 21.4 - Prob. 21.5PCh. 21.4 - Prob. 21.5CIAP
Ch. 21.4 - How does a cell disarm each of the ROS in CIA...Ch. 21.5 - One of the steps in lipid metabolism is the...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 21.7PCh. 21.5 - Prob. 21.7CIAPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 21.8CIAPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 21.9CIAPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 21.10CIAPCh. 21.5 - Prob. 21.8PCh. 21.6 - Prob. 21.9PCh. 21.6 - Prob. 21.10PCh. 21.7 - Prob. 21.11PCh. 21.7 - Prob. 21.13PCh. 21.7 - Identify the participants in the citric acid cycle...Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 21.15PCh. 21.7 - Prob. 21.16KCPCh. 21.8 - Within the mitochondrion, is the pH higher in the...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 21.18PCh. 21.8 - Prob. 21.19KCPCh. 21.8 - Prob. 21.11CIAPCh. 21.8 - Prob. 21.12CIAPCh. 21.8 - Prob. 21.13CIAPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.20UKCCh. 21 - Each of these reactions is involved in one of the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.22UKCCh. 21 - Prob. 21.23UKCCh. 21 - The reaction that follows is catalyzed by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.25UKCCh. 21 - The electron-transport chain uses several...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.27APCh. 21 - What is the difference between an endergonic...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.29APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.30APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.31APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.32APCh. 21 - Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes,...Ch. 21 - Label each of the following as a characteristic of...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.35APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.36APCh. 21 - Describe in general terms the structural makeup of...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.38APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.39APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.40APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.41APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.42APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.43APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.44APCh. 21 - What does it mean when we say that two reactions...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.46APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.47APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.48APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.49APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.50APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.51APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.52APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.53APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.54APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.55APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.56APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.57APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.58APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.59APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.60APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.61APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.62APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.63APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.64APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.65APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.66APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.67APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.68APCh. 21 - What does the term oxidative phosphorylation mean?...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.70APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.71APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.72APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.73APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.74APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.75APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.76APCh. 21 - Prob. 21.77CPCh. 21 - Fumarate produced in step 6 of the citric acid...Ch. 21 - With what class of enzymes are the coenzymes NAD+...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.80CPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.81CPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.82CPCh. 21 - The mitochondrion pumps H+ from the matrix into...Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.84CPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.85CPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.86CPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.87GPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.88GPCh. 21 - Prob. 21.89GP
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biochemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- (a) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of aspartate into glucose through the intermediate oxaloacetate. Which coenzymes participate in this transformation? (b) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of aspartate into oxaloacetate through the intermediate fumaratearrow_forward(a)What are the two superfamilies of proteins in which amylase is categorized? (b)To which superfamily of proteins does active site of the amylase belong?arrow_forwardWhile fatty acids longer than 20 carbons are rarely found in foods, lignoceric acid (24:0) is found in a variety of tree nuts. Answer the following based on the conversion of a molecule of lignoceric acid to 8-hydroxybutyrate. (a) What are the 8-oxidation products and how many ATP are required during activation for one molecule of lignoceric acid? (b) Given the following, how many molecules of 8-hydroxybutyrate can be produced? CoA 2 2 CoA NADH NAD+ H+ OH ẞ-hydroxybutyrate (c) Based on the total NADH and FADH2 available after converting lignoceric acid into 8-hydroxybutyrate, what is the maximum yield of ATP that can be produced in the liver? Don't forget to include any ATP required for activation steps.arrow_forward
- Place the following list of reactions or relevant locations in the β oxidation of fatty acids in the proper order. (a) Reaction with carnitine (b) Fatty acid in the cytoplasm (c) Activation of fatty acid by joining to CoA (d) Hydration (e) NAD+ -linked oxidation (f) Thiolysis (g) Acyl CoA in mitochondrion (h) FAD-linked oxidation.arrow_forward(a) Convert the ball-and-stick model of B, one of the eight synthetic intermediates in the citric acid cycle, to a structural formula, and name the compound. (b) What is the immediate precursor of B in the citric acid cycle; that is, what compound forms B as a reaction product? (c) What compound is formed from B in the citric acid cycle?arrow_forwardConsider the fatty acids: (a) Arachidic acid (C20H40O2); molar mass = 312.5 g/mol) (b) Palmitoleic acid(C16H30O2); molar mass = 256.4 g/mol). i. How many cycles of β -oxidation are needed for complete oxidation?ii. How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from its complete catabolism?iii. Calculate the number of molecules (moles) of ATP formed (net) by the completecatabolism of each fatty acid (show your calculation).iv. Calculate number of moles of ATP formed per gram of each fatty acid metabolized.arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast the pathway by which fatty acids are degraded (B-oxidation) with the pathway by which fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA. Comment on the following: (i) nature of the "activated" structures (ii) coenzymes involved (iii) stereochemistry of the intermediates (iv) sites where pathways occurarrow_forwardDescribe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as wellarrow_forwardD) Carbohydrate catabolism involves substrate-level phosphorylation. E) My answer is not here 27. The adduct acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein is formed as an intermediate during fatty acid biosynthesis. The CO2 used to synthesize malonyl-S-CoA is lost. Would this help make the reaction more or less energetically favorable? A) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). B) Loss of CO2 has no effect on entropy (AS) and therefore does not affect the favorability of the reaction (AG). C) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG). D) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). E) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG).arrow_forward
- (a) Fill in the blank regarding the mechanism of chymotrypsin below. (1) Polypeptide substrate binds non covalently in the enzyme active site. The catalytic Triad includes a reactive Nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic amide C atom. (2) The resulting tetrahedral - Is stabilized by H-bonding interactions with the hole.(Note: this is the same word repeated) (3) Collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate and H * Transfer from- Lead to the Cleavage of the C-N bond. The N-terminal peptide is bound through acyl linkage to serine. (4) A Molecule then binds to the active site and attacks the acyl ester car- bonyl. (5) The resulting tetrahedral Tions with the Same word repeated). (6) The second peptide fragment is released, and the enzyme returns to its initial state. Intermediate is stabilized via enthalpic interac- hole. (Note: this is the same answer as (2), and is again the (b) Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two closely related proteases; however, trypsin cleaves after positively charged…arrow_forwardWhich folate structure (from the list below)(a) is the substrate for the enzyme that is inhibited by methotrexate andtrimethoprim?(b) has the most highly oxidized one-carbon substituent?(c) is used in the conversion of serine to glycine?(d) transfers its one-carbon substituent to a B12 coenzyme? What amino acid is synthesized as the end result of this reaction?(e) is the coenzyme for the thymidylate synthase reaction?(f) is not known to exist in nature?(g) is used in purine nucleotide synthesis?arrow_forwardIf a slight deficiency in the Vitamin B1 derivative Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) leads to an accumulation of substrates for reactions utilizing this cofactor, A) what substrates would ‘accumulate’ in a human after eating a an enormous amount of sugar-laden Halloween candy, AND what would be the regulatory consequences on carbohydrate metabolism? B) what substrates would accumulate in yeast cells cultured under anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions AND what would be the regulatory consequences on carbohydrate metabolism? C) and lastly, what substrates would accumulate in plant cells incorporating carbon and generating energy solely using photosynthesis?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. Freeman
Lehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. Freeman
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning
BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:W. H. Freeman
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781464126116
Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox
Publisher:W. H. Freeman
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781118918401
Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt
Publisher:WILEY
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305961135
Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougal
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305577206
Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...
Biochemistry
ISBN:9780134015187
Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher:PEARSON
Anaerobic Respiration; Author: Bozeman Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY